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Kubaho kw'ibyuma bitangwa n'imirasire ya microwave ntibivugwaho rumwe kuko ibyuma byaka byoroshye.Ariko igishimishije nuko abashakashatsi basanze ibintu byo gusohora arc bitanga inzira itanga icyizere cyo guhuza nanomateriali mugabanye molekile.Ubu bushakashatsi burimo gutegura inzira yintambwe imwe ariko ihendutse yubukorikori ihuza ubushyuhe bwa microwave hamwe na arc yumuriro kugirango ihindure amavuta yimikindo ya magnetiki nanocarubone (MNC), ishobora gufatwa nkuburyo bushya bwo gukora amavuta yintoki.Harimo synthesis yikigereranyo hamwe nigikomere gihoraho insinga zicyuma (dielectric medium) na ferrocene (catalizator) mubihe bitarimo inert.Ubu buryo bwerekanwe neza kugirango bushyuhe mubushyuhe buri hagati ya 190.9 na 472.0 ° C hamwe nibihe bitandukanye (10-20 min).MNCs yateguwe vuba yerekanaga imirima ifite impuzandengo ya 20.38–31.04 nm, imiterere ya mesoporous (SBET: 14.83–151.95 m2 / g) hamwe nibirimo byinshi bya karubone ihamye (52.79–71.24 wt.%), Hamwe na D na G. bande (ID / g) 0,98–0.99.Ishirwaho ryimisozi mishya murwego rwa FTIR (522.29–588.48 cm - 1) rihamya ko habaho ferrocene.Magnetometero yerekana kwiyuzuza cyane (22.32-26.84 emu / g) mubikoresho bya ferromagnetic.Imikoreshereze ya MNCs mu gutunganya amazi mabi yerekanwe no gusuzuma ubushobozi bwa adsorption bakoresheje ikizamini cya methylene yubururu (MB) adsorption yibitekerezo bitandukanye kuva 5 kugeza 20 ppm.MNCs yabonetse mugihe cya synthesis (20 min) yerekanaga uburyo bwiza bwa adsorption (10.36 mg / g) ugereranije nabandi, naho igipimo cyo gukuraho irangi MB cyari 87,79%.Kubwibyo, indangagaciro za Langmuir ntabwo zifite icyizere ugereranije nagaciro ka Freundlich, hamwe na R2 igera kuri 0,80, 0,98 na 0,99 kuri MNCs ikomatanya 10 min (MNC10), 15 min (MNC15) na 20 min (MNC20).Kubwibyo, sisitemu ya adsorption iri muburyo butandukanye.Kubwibyo, microwave arcing itanga uburyo butanga uburyo bwo guhindura CPO muri MNC, ishobora gukuraho amarangi yangiza.
Imirasire ya Microwave irashobora gushyushya ibice byimbere mubikoresho binyuze mumikoranire ya molekulike yumurima wa electroniki.Iki gisubizo cya microwave kirihariye kuko gitezimbere igisubizo cyihuse kandi kimwe.Rero, birashoboka kwihutisha uburyo bwo gushyushya no kongera imiti2.Muri icyo gihe, kubera igihe gito cyo kubyitwaramo, reaction ya microwave irashobora kubyara umusaruro wubwiza bwinshi numusaruro mwinshi3,4.Bitewe nimiterere yayo itangaje, imirasire ya microwave yorohereza synthes ya microwave ishimishije ikoreshwa mubushakashatsi bwinshi, harimo reaction ya chimique hamwe na synthesis ya nanomateriali 5,6.Mugihe cyo gushyushya, imiterere ya dielectric yimyemerere yimbere hagati igira uruhare rukomeye, kubera ko itera ahantu hashyushye hagati, biganisha kumikorere ya nanocarbone ifite morphologie nibintu bitandukanye.Ubushakashatsi bwakozwe na Omoriyekomwan n'abandi.Umusaruro wa karubone ya nanofibers iva mu ntoki ukoresheje karubone ikora na azote8.Byongeye kandi, Fu na Hamid biyemeje gukoresha umusemburo wo gukora fibre fibre fibre ikora karubone mu ziko rya microwave 350 W9.Kubwibyo, uburyo busa burashobora gukoreshwa muguhindura amavuta yintoki kuri MNCs mugutangiza scavengers.
Ikintu gishimishije cyagaragaye hagati yimirasire ya microwave nicyuma gifite impande zikarishye, utudomo cyangwa amakosa ya subicroscopique10.Kubaho kwibi bintu byombi bizagira ingaruka kumashanyarazi ya arc cyangwa ikibatsi (bakunze kwita gusohora arc) 11,12.Arc izateza imbere gushiraho ahantu hashyushye cyane kandi bigire ingaruka kubitekerezo, bityo bitezimbere imiti yibidukikije13.Iki kintu cyihariye kandi gishimishije cyakuruye ubushakashatsi butandukanye nko kuvanaho umwanda 14,15, biomass tar cracking16, microwave ifasha pyrolysis17,18 hamwe na synthesis material 19,20,21.
Vuba aha, nanocarbone nka carbone nanotubes, carbone nanosperes, hamwe na oxyde ya graphene yagabanijwe byagiye bikurura abantu kubera imiterere yabyo.Iyi nanocarbone ifite imbaraga nyinshi mubisabwa kuva kubyara amashanyarazi kugeza kweza amazi cyangwa kwanduza23.Mubyongeyeho, birasabwa ibintu byiza bya karubone, ariko mugihe kimwe, ibintu byiza bya magneti birakenewe.Ibi ni ingirakamaro cyane mubikorwa byinshi birimo adsorption ya ion yicyuma hamwe n amarangi mugutunganya amazi mabi, modifike ihindura ibinyabuzima ndetse na microwave ikora neza 24,25,26,27,28.Mugihe kimwe, iyi karubone ifite ikindi cyiza, harimo kwiyongera mubuso bwikibanza gikora.
Mu myaka yashize, ubushakashatsi ku bikoresho bya magnetiki nanocarubone bwiyongereye.Mubisanzwe, magnetiki nanocarbone nibikoresho byinshi birimo ibikoresho bya magnetiki ya nanosize bishobora gutera catalizator yo hanze kubyitwaramo, nka electrostatike yo hanze cyangwa guhinduranya magnetiki29.Bitewe nubushobozi bwa magnetique, nanocarbone ya magnetiki irashobora guhuzwa nibintu byinshi byingirakamaro hamwe nuburyo bugoye bwo kwimuka30.Hagati aho, magnetiki nanocarbone (MNCs) yerekana imikorere myiza mukwamamaza imyanda iva mubisubizo byamazi.Mubyongeyeho, ubuso bwihariye bwubuso hamwe na pore byakozwe muri MNCs birashobora kongera ubushobozi bwa adsorption31.Gutandukanya magnetique birashobora gutandukanya MNCs nibisubizo byoroheje cyane, bikabihindura sorbent ikomeye kandi ishobora gucungwa32.
Abashakashatsi benshi berekanye ko nanocarbone nziza yo mu rwego rwo hejuru ishobora kubyazwa umusaruro ukoresheje amavuta yintoki mbisi 33,34.Amavuta y'imikindo, azwi ku izina rya Elais Guneensis, afatwa nk'imwe mu mavuta y'ingenzi aribwa afite umusaruro wa toni zigera kuri miliyoni 76.55 mu 202135. Amavuta y'imikindo cyangwa CPO arimo igipimo cyuzuye cya aside irike idahagije (EFAs) na aside irike yuzuye. (Ikigo gishinzwe amafaranga muri Singapore).Amenshi muri hydrocarbone muri CPO ni triglyceride, glyceride igizwe nibice bitatu bya triglyceride acetate hamwe na glycerol imwe36.Izi hydrocarbone zishobora kuba rusange kubera ubwinshi bwa karubone, bigatuma zishobora kuba icyatsi kibisi kugirango umusaruro wa nanocarubone37.Dukurikije ibitabo, CNT37,38,39,40, carbone nanosperes 33,41 na graphene 34,42,43 mubisanzwe bikomatanyirizwa hamwe hakoreshejwe amavuta yintoki cyangwa amavuta yo kurya.Iyi nanocarbone ifite imbaraga nyinshi mubisabwa kuva kubyara amashanyarazi kugeza kweza amazi cyangwa kwanduza.
Sintezike yubushyuhe nka CVD38 cyangwa pyrolysis33 yabaye uburyo bwiza bwo kubora amavuta yintoki.Kubwamahirwe, ubushyuhe bwo hejuru mubikorwa byongera igiciro cyumusaruro.Gukora ibikoresho byatoranijwe 44 bisaba inzira ndende, irambiranye nuburyo bwo gukora isuku.Nyamara, gukenera gutandukana kumubiri no kumeneka ntawahakana kubera ihinduka ryiza ryamavuta yintoki kubushyuhe bwinshi45.Kubwibyo, ubushyuhe bwo hejuru buracyasabwa guhindura amavuta yintoki mu bikoresho bya karubone.Amazi arc arashobora gufatwa nkubushobozi bwiza nuburyo bushya bwo guhuza magnetiki nanocarubone 46.Ubu buryo butanga ingufu zitaziguye kubisubizo nibisubizo muri leta zishimye cyane.Gusohora arc birashobora gutuma karuboni ihuza amavuta yintoki avunika.Ariko, intera ya electrode ikoreshwa irashobora gukenera kuba yujuje ibyangombwa bisabwa, bizagabanya igipimo cyinganda, bityo rero uburyo bunoze buracyakenewe gutezwa imbere.
Dukurikije ubumenyi dufite, ubushakashatsi ku gusohora arc ukoresheje microwave nkuburyo bwo guhuza nanocarbone ni buke.Muri icyo gihe, ikoreshwa ryamavuta yimikindo nkibibanjirije ntabwo ryigeze rikorwa ubushakashatsi.Kubwibyo, ubu bushakashatsi bugamije gushakisha uburyo bwo kubyara magnetiki nanocarbone ivuye mumavuta mbuto yimikindo ukoresheje arc amashanyarazi ukoresheje ifuru ya microwave.Ubwinshi bwamavuta yintoki bugomba kugaragara mubicuruzwa bishya no kubishyira mu bikorwa.Ubu buryo bushya bwo gutunganya amavuta y’amamesa bushobora gufasha kuzamura urwego rw’ubukungu no kuba isoko y’amafaranga yinjira mu bakora amavuta y’amamesa, cyane cyane yibasiwe n’ibihingwa by’amavuta y’imikindo.Nk’uko ubushakashatsi bwakozwe n’abafatanyabikorwa bato bo muri Afurika bwakozwe na Ayompe n’abandi babivuga, abafite imishinga mito binjiza amafaranga menshi iyo batunganije amatsinda mashya y’imbuto ubwabo bakagurisha amavuta y’imikindo aho kuyagurisha hagati, akaba ari akazi gahenze kandi karambiranye47.Muri icyo gihe, kwiyongera kw'ifungwa ry'uruganda kubera COVID-19 byagize ingaruka ku bicuruzwa biva mu mavuta y'imikindo.Igishimishije, kubera ko ingo nyinshi zifite itanura rya microwave kandi uburyo bwatanzwe muri ubu bushakashatsi bushobora gufatwa nkibishoboka kandi bihendutse, umusaruro wa MNC ushobora gufatwa nkuburyo bwo guhinga amavuta mato mato mato.Hagati aho, ku rugero runini, amasosiyete arashobora gushora imari mumashanyarazi manini kugirango akore TNC nini.
Ubu bushakashatsi bukubiyemo ahanini inzira ya synthesis ikoresheje ibyuma bitagira umwanda nkibikoresho bya dielectric kumwanya utandukanye.Ubushakashatsi bwinshi muri rusange ukoresheje microwave na nanocarbone byerekana igihe cyemewe cyo guhuza iminota 30 cyangwa irenga 33,34.Kugirango dushyigikire igitekerezo gifatika kandi gishoboka, ubu bushakashatsi bwari bugamije kubona MNCs hamwe nigihe cyo kugereranya inshuro.Muri icyo gihe, ubushakashatsi bushushanya ishusho yo kwitegura ikoranabuhanga urwego rwa 3 nkuko igitekerezo cyagaragaye kandi kigashyirwa mubikorwa murwego rwa laboratoire.Nyuma, MNC yavuyemo yaranzwe nimiterere yumubiri, imiti, na magnetique.Methylene ubururu noneho bwakoreshejwe kwerekana ubushobozi bwa adsorption ya MNCs yavuyemo.
Amavuta yintoki yabonetse muri Apas Balung Mill, Sawit Kinabalu Sdn.Bhd., Tawau, kandi ikoreshwa nka karubone ibanziriza synthesis.Muri iki gihe, insinga zidafite ingese zifite umurambararo wa mm 0,90 mm zikoreshwa nka dielectric.Ferrocene (ubuziranenge 99%), yakuwe muri Sigma-Aldrich, muri Amerika, yatoranijwe nk'umusemburo muri iki gikorwa.Ubururu bwa Methylene (Bendosen, 100 g) bwakoreshejwe mubushakashatsi bwa adsorption.
Muri ubu bushakashatsi, ifuru ya microwave yo murugo (Panasonic: SAM-MG23K3513GK) yahinduwe reaction ya microwave.Imyobo itatu yakozwe mu gice cyo hejuru cya feri ya microwave kugirango yinjire kandi isohokemo gaze hamwe na thermocouple.Ubushakashatsi bwa thermocouple bwashyizwemo imiyoboro ya ceramique kandi bushyirwa mubihe bimwe kuri buri bushakashatsi kugirango hirindwe impanuka.Hagati aho, ikirahuri cya borosilicate ikirahure gifite umupfundikizo wimyobo itatu cyakoreshejwe kugirango haboneke ingero na trachea.Igishushanyo mbonera cya reaction ya microwave irashobora kwerekanwa mugice cyinyongera 1.
Gukoresha amavuta yimikindo yimbuto nka karubone ibanziriza karubone na ferrocene nka catalizator, nanocarbone ya magnetique yarashizwemo.Hafi ya 5% kuburemere bwa catalizike ya ferrocene yateguwe nuburyo bwa catalizator.Ferrocene yavanze na ml 20 yamavuta yintoki kuri 60 rpm muminota 30.Uruvange rwahise rwimurirwa muri alumina ikomeye, hanyuma insinga z'icyuma zifite uburebure bwa cm 30 zashyizwe hamwe hanyuma zishyirwa mu buryo buhagaritse imbere.Shira alumina iboneka mumashanyarazi yikirahure hanyuma uyirinde neza imbere mu ziko rya microwave hamwe nipfundikizo yikirahure gifunze.Azote yajugunywe mu cyumba iminota 5 mbere yo gutangira reaction yo gukuraho umwuka udashaka mu cyumba.Imbaraga za microwave zongerewe kugera kuri 800W kuko nububasha bwa microwave ntarengwa bushobora gukomeza intangiriro nziza.Kubwibyo, ibi birashobora kugira uruhare mugushiraho ibihe byiza kugirango reaction ikorwe.Mugihe kimwe, iyi nayo ikoreshwa cyane mumashanyarazi muri watts ya microwave fusion reaction 48,49.Uruvange rwashyutswe muminota 10, 15 cyangwa 20 mugihe cya reaction.Nyuma yo kurangiza reaction, reaction na microwave mubisanzwe byakonje kugeza ubushyuhe bwicyumba.Ibicuruzwa byanyuma muri alumina yabambwe byari imvura yumukara hamwe ninsinga zifatika.
Imvura yumukara yakusanyirijwe hamwe yozwa inshuro nyinshi hamwe na Ethanol, isopropanol (70%) namazi yatoboye.Nyuma yo gukaraba no gukora isuku, ibicuruzwa byumye ijoro ryose kuri 80 ° C mu ziko risanzwe kugirango bihumure umwanda udashaka.Ibicuruzwa byakusanyirijwe hamwe kugirango biranga.Ingero zanditseho MNC10, MNC15, na MNC20 zakoreshejwe mugushushanya magnetiki nanocarbone kuminota 10, 15 min, na 20 min.
Itegereze morfologiya ya MNC hamwe na sisitemu yoherejwe na microscope ya electron cyangwa FESEM (moderi ya Zeiss Auriga) kuri 100 kugeza 150 kX.Muri icyo gihe, ibice byibanze byasesenguwe ningufu zikwirakwiza X-ray spectroscopy (EDS).Isesengura rya EMF ryakozwe ku ntera ikora ya mm 2,8 na voltage yihuta ya 1 kV.Ubuso bwihariye hamwe na MNC pore indangagaciro zapimwe nuburyo bwa Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET), harimo na adsorption-desorption isotherm ya N2 kuri 77 K. Isesengura ryakozwe hifashishijwe urugero rw'ubuso bw'icyitegererezo (MICROMERITIC ASAP 2020) .
Ikirahure hamwe nicyiciro cya magnetiki nanocarbone yagenwe no gutandukanya ifu ya X-ray cyangwa XRD (Burker D8 Avance) kuri λ = 0.154 nm.Diffractogrammes yanditswe hagati ya 2θ = 5 na 85 ° ku gipimo cya scan ya 2 ° min-1.Byongeye kandi, imiterere yimiti ya MNCs yakozweho iperereza hakoreshejwe Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR).Isesengura ryakozwe hifashishijwe Perkin Elmer FTIR-Spectrum 400 ifite umuvuduko wa scan uri hagati ya 4000 na 400 cm-1.Mu kwiga imiterere yimiterere ya magnetiki nanocarbone, Raman spectroscopy yakozwe hakoreshejwe laser ya neodymium-dope (532 nm) muri U-RAMAN spectroscopy ifite intego 100X.
Magnetometero yinyeganyeza cyangwa VSM (Urukurikirane rw'ikiyaga cya 7400) yakoreshejwe mu gupima ubwuzuzanye bwa rukuruzi ya okiside y'icyuma muri MNCs.Umwanya wa magneti ugera kuri 8 kOe wakoreshejwe kandi amanota 200 yabonetse.
Iyo wiga ubushobozi bwa MNCs nka adsorbents mubushakashatsi bwa adsorption, hakoreshejwe irangi rya cationic methylene ubururu (MB).MNCs (20 mg) yongerewe kuri ml 20 yumuti wamazi wubururu bwa methylene hamwe nuburinganire busanzwe buri hagati ya 5–20 mg / L50.PH yumuti washyizwe kuri pH itabogamye ya 7 mubushakashatsi.Igisubizo cyashizwe mumashanyarazi kuri 150 rpm na 303.15 K kuri shitingi izunguruka (Mugenzi wa Laboratoire: SI-300R).MNCs noneho iratandukana ikoresheje magnet.Koresha UV igaragara ya spekitifotometero (Varian Cary 50 UV-Vis Spectrophotometer) kugirango urebe ubwinshi bwumuti wa MB mbere na nyuma yigeragezwa rya adsorption, hanyuma werekane kuri methylene yubururu busanzwe bwa metero ndende kuri 664 nm.Ubushakashatsi bwasubiwemo inshuro eshatu kandi impuzandengo yatanzwe.Gukuraho MG mubisubizo byabazwe hakoreshejwe ikigereranyo rusange kumubare wa MC yamamajwe kuri equilibrium qe nijanisha ryo gukuraho%.
Ubushakashatsi bwakozwe kuri adsorption isotherm nabwo bwakozwe hifashishijwe uburyo butandukanye (5–20 mg / l) bwibisubizo bya MG na mg 20 za adsorbent ku bushyuhe buhoraho bwa 293.15 K. mg kuri MNCs zose.
Carbone ibyuma na magnetique byizwe cyane mumyaka mike ishize.Ibikoresho bya magnetiki bishingiye kuri karubone bikurura abantu cyane bitewe nuburyo bwiza bwa electromagnetique, biganisha kubikorwa bitandukanye byikoranabuhanga, cyane cyane mubikoresho byamashanyarazi no gutunganya amazi.Muri ubu bushakashatsi, nanocarbone yashizwemo no kumena hydrocarbone mu mavuta yimikindo ikoresheje microwave.Synthesis yakozwe mugihe gitandukanye, kuva 10 kugeza 20 min, ku kigereranyo cyagenwe (5: 1) cya preursor na catalizator, hifashishijwe icyuma gikusanya ibyuma (SS ihindagurika) hamwe na inert igice (umwuka utifuzwa wasukuwe na azote kuri gutangira ubushakashatsi).Amabuye ya karubone yavuyemo ari muburyo bwifu yumukara, nkuko bigaragara mumashusho yinyongera 2a.Umusaruro wa karubone wagabanutse wagera kuri 5.57%, 8.21%, na 11,67% mugihe cyo guhuza iminota 10, iminota 15, niminota 20.Iki kintu cyerekana ko igihe kinini cyo guhuza bigira uruhare mu gutanga umusaruro mwinshi 51 - umusaruro muke, cyane cyane bitewe nigihe gito cyo kwitabira hamwe nigikorwa gito cya catalizator.
Hagati aho, ikibanza cyubushyuhe bwa synthesis hamwe nigihe cya nanocarbone yabonetse irashobora kwerekanwa mugice cyinyongera 2b.Ubushyuhe bwo hejuru bwabonetse kuri MNC10, MNC15 na MNC20 bwari 190.9 ° C, 434.5 ° C na 472 ° C.Kuri buri murongo, hahanamye ahantu hahanamye, byerekana kuzamuka kwubushyuhe buri imbere muri reakteri kubera ubushyuhe butangwa mugihe cyicyuma.Ibi birashobora kugaragara kuri 0-2 min, 0-5 min, na 0-8 min kuri MNC10, MNC15, na MNC20.Nyuma yo kugera ahantu runaka, ahahanamye hakomeza kugenda hejuru yubushyuhe bwo hejuru, kandi ahahanamye harahinduka.
Imyuka yoherezwa mu kirere isikana electron microscopi (FESEM) yakoreshejwe mu kureba imiterere y'ubutaka bw'icyitegererezo cya MNC.Nkuko bigaragara ku gishushanyo.1, magnetiki nanocarbone ifite imiterere itandukanye gato ya morphologique mugihe gitandukanye cya synthesis.Amashusho ya FESEM MNC10 mugitabo.1a, b herekana ko kwibumbira mubice bya karubone bigizwe na micro- na nanosfera bifatanye kandi bifatanye kubera ubushyuhe bwinshi.Muri icyo gihe, kuba imbaraga za van der Waals biganisha ku kwegeranya ibice bya karubone 52.Ubwiyongere bwigihe cya synthesis byatumye habaho ubunini buto no kwiyongera kwimibare bitewe nigihe kirekire cyo guturika.Ku mutini.1c yerekana ko MNC15 ifite imiterere isa neza.Nyamara, ibyegeranijwe birashobora gukomeza gukora mesopores, nyuma ishobora guhinduka urubuga rwiza rwa methylene yubururu bwa adsorption.Mugihe kinini cyo hejuru inshuro 15,000 mubishushanyo 1d byinshi bya karubone birashobora kugaragara byegeranye hamwe nuburinganire bwa 20.38 nm.
FESEM amashusho ya nanocarbone ikomatanyije nyuma yiminota 10 (a, b), 15 min (c, d) na 20 min (e - g) kuri 7000 na 15000 gukuza.
Ku mutini.1e - g MNC20 yerekana iterambere rya pore ifite uduce duto hejuru ya karubone ya magnetique kandi igateranya morphologie ya magnetique ikora karubone53.Imyobo ya diametre n'ubugari butandukanye biri ku bushake biri hejuru ya karubone.Kubwibyo, ibi birashobora gusobanura impamvu MNC20 yerekanye ubuso bunini nubunini bwa pore nkuko bigaragazwa nisesengura rya BET, nkibinure byinshi byakozwe hejuru yacyo kuruta mubindi bihe byubukorikori.Micrografi yafashwe mugihe kinini cyane inshuro 15,000 yerekanaga ingano ya inomogeneous ingano nubunini budasanzwe, nkuko bigaragara ku gishushanyo 1g.Igihe cyo gukura cyongerewe kugeza ku minota 20, hashyizweho urwego rwinshi.
Igishimishije, ibice bya karuboni byahinduwe nabyo byabonetse mukarere kamwe.Diameter yimibumbe yari itandukanye kuva 5.18 kugeza 96.36 nm.Iyi miterere irashobora guterwa no kubaho kwa nucleation itandukanye, ikoroherezwa nubushyuhe bwinshi na microwave.Ingano yabazwe ingano ya MNCs yateguwe yagereranije 20.38 nm kuri MNC10, 24.80 nm kuri MNC15, na 31.04 nm kuri MNC20.Ingano yo gukwirakwiza ibice byerekanwe mumitini yinyongera.3.
Igishushanyo cya 4 cyerekana EDS yerekanwe hamwe nincamake yibigize bigize MNC10, MNC15, na MNC20.Ukurikije ibipimo, byagaragaye ko buri nanocarubone irimo urugero rwa C, O, na Fe.Ibi biterwa na okiside itandukanye hamwe no guturika bibaho mugihe cyinyongera cya synthesis.Umubare munini wa C ukomoka kuri karubone, amavuta yintoki.Hagati aho, ijanisha rito rya O riterwa na okiside mugihe cya synthesis.Muri icyo gihe, Fe yitirirwa okiside ya fer yashyizwe hejuru ya nanocarubone nyuma yo kubora ferrocene.Mubyongeyeho, Igishushanyo 5a - c cyerekana ikarita ya MNC10, MNC15, na MNC20.Hashingiwe ku ikarita yibanze, byagaragaye ko Fe ikwirakwizwa neza hejuru ya MNC.
Isesengura rya azote adsorption-desorption itanga amakuru ajyanye nuburyo bwa adsorption hamwe nuburyo bubi bwibikoresho.N2 adsorption isotherms hamwe nishusho yubuso bwa MNC BET byerekanwe mubishushanyo.2. Ukurikije amashusho ya FESEM, imyitwarire ya adsorption iteganijwe kwerekana ihuriro ryimiterere ya microporome na mesoporous kubera guteranya.Nyamara, igishushanyo kiri ku gishushanyo cya 2 cyerekana ko adsorbent isa n'ubwoko bwa IV isotherm n'ubwoko bwa H2 hystereze loop ya IUPAC55.Ubu bwoko bwa isotherm burasa nubwa ibikoresho bya mesoporous.Imyitwarire ya adsorption ya mesopores isanzwe igenwa nubusabane bwa adsorption-adsorption reaction hamwe na molekile yibintu byegeranye.Imiterere ya S-S cyangwa S-isorotorme isanzwe iterwa na adsorption imwe-igizwe na etoriste imwe ikurikirwa nikintu aho gaze ihurira mugice cyamazi muma poro kumuvuduko uri munsi yumuvuduko wuzuye wamazi menshi, azwi kwizina rya pore 56. Capillary condensation mumyenge ibaho kumuvuduko ugereranije (p / po) hejuru ya 0.50.Hagati aho, imiterere igoye ya pore yerekana H2 yo mu bwoko bwa hystereze, biterwa no gucomeka cyangwa gutemba mu ntera ntoya.
Ibipimo bifatika byubuso bwabonetse mubizamini bya BET bigaragara mu mbonerahamwe ya 1. Ubuso bwa BET hamwe nubunini bwa pore bwiyongereye cyane hamwe no kongera igihe cya synthesis.Impuzandengo ya pore ingana na MNC10, MNC15, na MNC20 ni 7.2779 nm, 7.6275 nm, na 7.8223 nm.Ukurikije ibyifuzo bya IUPAC, ibyo byobo byo hagati birashobora gushyirwa mubikoresho bya mesoporous.Imiterere ya mesoporous irashobora gutuma methylene yubururu byoroshye kandi byoroshye na MNC57.Igihe ntarengwa cyo guhuza (MNC20) cyerekanaga ubuso burebure, bukurikirwa na MNC15 na MNC10.Ubuso BET bwo hejuru bushobora kunoza imikorere ya adsorption nkuko imbuga nyinshi ziraboneka.
Imiterere ya X-ray yerekana uburyo MNCs ikomatanya irerekanwa ku gishushanyo cya 3. Ku bushyuhe bwinshi, ferrocene nayo iracika kandi ikora oxyde de fer.Ku mutini.3a yerekana XRD ishusho ya MNC10.Irerekana impinga ebyiri kuri 2θ, 43.0 ° na 62.32 °, zahawe ɣ-Fe2O3 (JCPDS # 39–1346).Muri icyo gihe, Fe3O4 ifite impinga ikomeye kuri 2θ: 35.27 °.Kurundi ruhande, muburyo bwo gutandukanya MHC15 mubishushanyo 3b byerekana impinga nshya, bishoboka cyane ko bifitanye isano no kwiyongera kwubushyuhe hamwe nigihe cyo guhuza.Nubwo impinga ya 2θ: 26.202 ° idakabije, uburyo bwo gutandukanya burahuza na dosiye ya JCPDS ya grafite (JCPDS # 75–1621), byerekana ko hariho kristu ya grafite muri nanocarubone.Iyi mpinga idahari muri MNC10, birashoboka bitewe n'ubushyuhe buke bwa arc mugihe cya synthesis.Kuri 2θ hari impinga eshatu: 30.082 °, 35.502 °, 57.422 ° yitiriwe Fe3O4.Irerekana kandi impinga ebyiri zerekana ko ɣ-Fe2O3 kuri 2θ: 43.102 ° na 62.632 °.Kuri MNC ikomatanya muminota 20 (MNC20), nkuko bigaragara ku gishushanyo cya 3c, uburyo butandukanye bwo gutandukana bushobora kugaragara muri MNK15.Impinga ishushanyije kuri 26.382 ° irashobora no kugaragara muri MNC20.Impinga eshatu zikarishye zerekanwe kuri 2θ: 30.102 °, 35.612 °, 57.402 ° ni kuri Fe3O4.Mubyongeyeho, kuba ε-Fe2O3 bigaragara kuri 2θ: 42.972 ° na 62.61.Kuba hari ibyuma bya okiside ya fer muri MNCs bivamo birashobora kugira ingaruka nziza kubushobozi bwo kwamamaza methylene ubururu mugihe kizaza.
Ibiranga imiti iva mu ngero za MNC na CPO byagenwe uhereye ku cyerekezo cya FTIR cyerekana mu gishushanyo cya 6. Ku ikubitiro, impinga esheshatu zingenzi z’amavuta y’imikindo yagereranyaga ibice bine bitandukanye by’imiti nkuko byasobanuwe mu mbonerahamwe y’inyongera 1. Impinga z’ibanze zagaragaye muri CPO ni 2913.81 cm-1, cm 2840 cm-1 na 1463.34 cm-1, bivuga kuri CH kurambura ibinyeganyega bya alkane hamwe nandi matsinda ya CH2 cyangwa CH3.Amashyamba yamenyekanye ni 1740,85 cm-1 na cm 1160.83.Impinga kuri 1740.85 cm-1 ni C = O ihuza umugozi na ester karubone ya groupe ikora triglyceride.Hagati aho, impinga ya cm 1160.83 cm-1 ni ikimenyetso cyitsinda ryagutse rya CO58.59.Hagati aho, impinga ya cm 813.54 cm-1 ni ikimenyetso cyitsinda rya alkane.
Kubwibyo, impinga zimwe zo kwinjiza mumavuta yintoki za peteroli zabuze uko igihe cyo guhuza cyiyongera.Impinga kuri 2913.81 cm-1 na cm 2840 cm-1 irashobora kugaragara muri MNC10, ariko birashimishije ko muri MNC15 na MNC20 impinga zikunda kuzimira kubera okiside.Hagati aho, isesengura rya FTIR ryakozwe na magnetiki nanocarbone ryerekanye impinga nshya yo kwinjiza igereranya amatsinda atanu akora ya MNC10-20.Izi mpinga nazo ziri mu mbonerahamwe yinyongera 1. Impinga kuri cm 2325.91 cm-1 nuburebure bwa CH butamenyerewe bwa CH360 itsinda rya alifatique.Impinga kuri 1463.34-1443.47 cm-1 yerekana CH2 na CH kugonda amatsinda ya alifatique nkamavuta yintoki, ariko impinga itangira kugabanuka nigihe.Impinga kuri 813.54–875.35 cm - 1 ni ikimenyetso cyitsinda ryiza rya CH-alkane.
Hagati aho, impinga ya cm 2101,74 cm-1 na cm 1589.18 cm-1 igereranya CC 61 igizwe na C = C alkyne nimpeta zimpumuro nziza.Impinga ntoya kuri cm 1695.15 cm-1 yerekana C = O ihuza aside irike yubusa ivuye mumatsinda ya karubone.Iraboneka muri CPO karubone na ferrocene mugihe cya synthesis.Impinga nshya yashizweho mu ntera kuva kuri 539.04 kugeza kuri 588.48 cm-1 ni ihuriro rya Fe-O ihindagurika rya ferrocene.Ukurikije impinga zerekanwe kumugereka wa 4, birashobora kugaragara ko igihe cya synthesis gishobora kugabanya impinga nyinshi no kongera guhuza muri magnetiki nanocarbone.
Isesengura rya Spectroscopique ya Raman ikwirakwiza magnetiki ya nanocarbone yabonetse mugihe gitandukanye cya synthesis ukoresheje laser yibyabaye ifite uburebure bwa 514 nm irerekanwa mumashusho ya 4. Ibice byose bya MNC10, MNC15 na MNC20 bigizwe nimirongo ibiri ikomeye ifitanye isano na karuboni nkeya ya sp3, mubisanzwe iboneka muri nanografite kristallite ifite inenge muburyo bwo guhindagurika kwubwoko bwa karubone sp262.Impinga ya mbere, iherereye mu karere ka cm 1333–1354 cm - 1, igereranya bande ya D, itabangamiye grafite nziza kandi ihuye n’imiterere y’imiterere n’indi myanda 63,64.Impinga ya kabiri yingenzi hafi ya 1537–1595 cm-1 ituruka kumurongo windege irambuye cyangwa kristaline kandi itondekanya imiterere ya grafite.Nyamara, impinga yahinduwe na cm 10-1 ugereranije na bande ya grafite, byerekana ko MNCs ifite urupapuro ruto rwo gutondekanya kandi rufite inenge.Ubwinshi bwimbaraga za bande ya D na G (ID / IG) zikoreshwa mugusuzuma ubuziranenge bwa kristallite hamwe nicyitegererezo cya grafite.Dukurikije isesengura rya Raman spectroscopic, MNCs zose zari zifite indangagaciro za ID / IG ziri hagati ya 0,98–0.99, byerekana inenge zubatswe bitewe na Hybridisation ya Sp3.Iki kibazo kirashobora gusobanura ko hari impinga nke cyane 2θ murwego rwa XPA: 26.20 ° kuri MNK15 na 26.28 ° kuri MNK20, nkuko bigaragara ku gishushanyo cya 4, gihabwa impinga ya grafite muri dosiye ya JCPDS.Ikigereranyo cya ID / IG MNC cyabonetse muriyi mirimo kiri murwego rwizindi magnetiki nanocarbone, urugero, 0,85-1.03 kuburyo bwa hydrothermal na 0.78–0.9665.66 kuburyo bwa pyrolytike.Kubwibyo, iri gereranya ryerekana ko uburyo bwubukorikori bushobora gukoreshwa cyane.
Ibiranga magnetique biranga MNCs byasesenguwe hakoreshejwe magnetometero yinyeganyeza.Hystereze yavuyemo irerekanwa mumashusho.5.Nkuko bisanzwe, MNCs ibona magnetisme muri ferrocene mugihe cya synthesis.Iyindi mikorere ya magnetique irashobora kongera ubushobozi bwa adsorption ya nanocarbone mugihe kizaza.Nkuko bigaragara ku gishushanyo cya 5, ibyitegererezo birashobora kumenyekana nkibikoresho bya superparamagnetic.Nk’uko Wahajuddin & Arora67 abitangaza ngo leta ya superparamagnetic ni uko icyitegererezo gikoreshwa na magnetisiyasi yuzuye (MS) iyo hashyizweho ingufu za rukuruzi zo hanze.Nyuma, imikoreshereze ya magnetiki isigaye ntikigaragara muri sample67.Birashimishije kubona magnetisiyasi yuzuye yiyongera hamwe nigihe cyo guhuza.Igishimishije, MNC15 ifite magnetique yuzuye kuko imbaraga za magnetique zikomeye (magnetisation) zishobora guterwa nigihe cyo guhuza neza imbere ya magneti yo hanze.Ibi birashobora guterwa no kuba Fe3O4 ihari, ifite magnetique nziza ugereranije nizindi oxyde ya fer nka ɣ-Fe2O.Itondekanya rya adsorption umwanya wo kwiyuzuzamo kuri mass ya MNCs ni MNC15> MNC10> MNC20.Ibipimo bya magnetiki byabonetse byatanzwe mumeza.2.
Agaciro ntarengwa ko kwiyuzuza kwa magneti mugihe ukoresheje magnesi zisanzwe mugutandukanya magneti ni 16.3 emu g-1.Ubushobozi bwa MNCs bwo gukuraho umwanda nk'amabara mu bidukikije byo mu mazi no koroshya gukuraho MNCs byabaye ibintu byiyongera kuri nanocarbone yabonetse.Ubushakashatsi bwerekanye ko kwiyuzuzamo magnetiki ya LSM bifatwa nkaho ari hejuru.Rero, ibyitegererezo byose byageze kubintu byuzuye bya magnetiki birenze bihagije kuburyo bwo gutandukanya magneti.
Vuba aha, imirongo yicyuma cyangwa insinga byakuruye ibitekerezo nka catalizator cyangwa dielectrics mubikorwa bya microwave.Microwave reaction yibyuma itera ubushyuhe bwinshi cyangwa reaction muri reaction.Ubu bushakashatsi buvuga ko insinga hamwe nicyuma (coiled) insinga zidafite ibyuma byorohereza microwave gusohora no gushyushya ibyuma.Ibyuma bitagira umuyonga byagaragaje ubukana ku isonga, biganisha ku gaciro gakomeye k'ubucucike bw'ubuso n'umuriro w'amashanyarazi wo hanze.Iyo kwishyurwa bimaze kubona ingufu za kinetic zihagije, ibice byashizwemo bizasimbuka biva mubyuma bidafite ingese, bigatuma ibidukikije bihinduka ionize, bikabyara imyanda cyangwa ikibatsi 68.Gusohora ibyuma bigira uruhare runini mugukemura ibisubizo biherekejwe nubushyuhe bwo hejuru.Ukurikije ikarita yubushyuhe mu gishushanyo cya 2b, ubushyuhe burazamuka vuba, byerekana ko hari ahantu hashyushye cyane hiyongereyeho ibintu bikomeye byo gusohora.
Muri iki gihe, ingaruka ziterwa nubushyuhe ziragaragara, kubera ko electroni zifunze intege nke zishobora kugenda no kwibanda hejuru no hejuru ya tip69.Iyo ibyuma bitagira umwanda bikomerekejwe, ubuso bunini bwicyuma mugisubizo gifasha gukurura imigezi ya eddy hejuru yibikoresho kandi bikomeza ingaruka zo gushyushya.Iyi miterere ifasha neza guca iminyururu miremire ya karubone ya CPO na ferrocene na ferrocene.Nkuko bigaragara mu gishushanyo cya 2b, igipimo gihoraho cy'ubushyuhe cyerekana ko ubushyuhe bumwe bugaragara mubisubizo.
Uburyo buteganijwe bwo gushiraho MNCs bwerekanwe kumugereka wa 7. Iminyururu miremire ya karubone ya CPO na ferrocene itangira gucika kubushyuhe bwinshi.Amavuta aravunika kugirango agabanye hydrocarbone yacitsemo ibice bya karubone bizwi nka globules mumashusho ya FESEM MNC1070.Bitewe nimbaraga zibidukikije hamwe nigitutu 71 mubihe byikirere.Muri icyo gihe, ferrocene nayo iracika, ikora umusemburo uturuka kuri atome ya karubone yashyizwe kuri Fe.Nucleation yihuta noneho ibaho hanyuma karubone ya okiside ikora amorphous na grafitike ya karubone hejuru yibyingenzi.Igihe kigenda cyiyongera, ubunini bwurwego bugenda busobanuka kandi bumwe.Muri icyo gihe, ingufu za van der Waals zisanzwe nazo ziganisha ku kwegeranya kwimiterere 52.Mugihe cyo kugabanya Fe ion kuri Fe3O4 na ɣ-Fe2O3 (dukurikije isesengura ryicyiciro cya X-ray), ubwoko butandukanye bwa oxyde de fer iba hejuru ya nanocarbone, bigatuma habaho nanocarbone ya magneti.Ikarita ya EDS yerekanaga ko atome ya Fe yagabanijwe cyane hejuru ya MNC, nkuko bigaragara ku gishushanyo cya 5a-c.
Itandukaniro nuko mugihe cyo guhuza iminota 20, gukusanya karubone bibaho.Ikora imyenge minini hejuru ya MNCs, byerekana ko MNCs ishobora gufatwa nka karubone ikora, nkuko bigaragara mumashusho ya FESEM ku gishushanyo 1e - g.Itandukaniro mubunini bwa pore rishobora kuba rifitanye isano nintererano ya oxyde ya ferrocene.Igihe kimwe, kubera ubushyuhe bugeze hejuru, hariho umunzani wahinduwe.Magnetic nanocarbone yerekana morphologie zitandukanye mugihe cya synthesis.Nanocarbone irashobora gukora imiterere ya serefegitura hamwe nigihe gito cyo guhuza.Mugihe kimwe, imyenge numunzani birashoboka, nubwo itandukaniro mugihe cya synthesis iri muminota 5 gusa.
Magnetic nanocarbone irashobora gukuraho umwanda mubidukikije byamazi.Ubushobozi bwabo bwo gukurwaho byoroshye nyuma yo gukoreshwa nikintu cyinyongera cyo gukoresha nanocarbone yabonetse muriki gikorwa nka adsorbents.Mu kwiga imiterere ya adsorption ya nanocarbone ya magnetiki, twasesenguye ubushobozi bwa MNCs bwo gushushanya methylene yubururu (MB) ibisubizo kuri 30 ° C nta pH ihinduye.Ubushakashatsi bwinshi bwanzuye ko imikorere y’imyunyu ngugu ya dogere 25-40 ° C idafite uruhare runini mu kugena ikurwaho rya MC.Nubwo indangagaciro za pH zikabije zifite uruhare runini, kwishyurwa birashobora gushingwa hejuru yimikorere yibikorwa, biganisha ku guhagarika imikoranire ya adsorbate-adsorbent kandi bigira ingaruka kuri adsorption.Kubwibyo rero, ibintu byavuzwe haruguru byatoranijwe muri ubu bushakashatsi urebye ibi bibazo no gukenera gutunganya amazi mabi.
Muri iki gikorwa, hakozwe igeragezwa rya adsorption yongeyeho mg 20 za MNCs kuri ml 20 yumuti wamazi wubururu bwa methylene hamwe nubusanzwe butandukanye bwa mbere (5-20 ppm) mugihe cyagenwe 60.Igishushanyo cya 8 cyerekana imiterere yibitekerezo bitandukanye (5-20 ppm) bya methylene yubururu mbere na nyuma yo kuvurwa hamwe na MNC10, MNC15, na MNC20.Iyo ukoresheje MNC zitandukanye, urwego rwibara ryibisubizo bya MB rwaragabanutse.Igishimishije, byagaragaye ko MNC20 yahinduye amabara MB ibisubizo byoroshye kuri concentration ya 5 ppm.Hagati aho, MNC20 nayo yagabanije urwego rwamabara yumuti wa MB ugereranije nizindi MNCs.UV igaragara ya MNC10-20 irerekanwa mugice cyinyongera 9. Hagati aho, igipimo cyo gukuraho hamwe namakuru ya adsorption yerekanwa kumashusho 9. 6 no kumeza 3.
Impinga ikomeye ya methylene yubururu irashobora kuboneka kuri 664 nm na 600 nm.Nkuko bisanzwe, ubukana bwimpinga bugabanuka buhoro buhoro hamwe no kugabanuka kwambere kwibisubizo bya MG.Mu gishushanyo cyiyongereyeho 9a yerekana UV-igaragara ya spekure ya MB ibisubizo byibisubizo bitandukanye nyuma yo kuvurwa hamwe na MNC10, byahinduye gato ubukana bwimpinga.Ku rundi ruhande, impinga yo kwinjiza ibisubizo bya MB yagabanutse cyane nyuma yo kuvurwa hamwe na MNC15 na MNC20, nkuko bigaragara ku gishushanyo cya 9b na c.Izi mpinduka zigaragara neza uko kwibumbira hamwe kwa MG kugabanuka.Nyamara, impinduka zerekana ibintu byagezweho na karubone zose uko ari eshatu zari zihagije kugirango ukureho irangi ry'ubururu bwa methylene.
Dushingiye ku mbonerahamwe ya 3, ibisubizo ku mubare wa MC byamamajwe hamwe nijanisha rya MC byamamajwe byerekanwe ku gishushanyo cya 3. 6. Kwiyongera kwa MG kwiyongera hamwe no gukoresha intangiriro yibanze kuri MNCs zose.Hagati aho, ijanisha rya adsorption cyangwa igipimo cyo gukuraho MB (MBR) ryerekanye ibinyuranye nigihe intangiriro yibanze yariyongereye.Mugihe cyo hasi ya MC yibanze, imbuga zikora zidafite akazi zagumye hejuru ya adsorbent.Mugihe irangi ryirangi ryiyongera, umubare wibikorwa bidafite akazi biboneka kugirango adsorption ya molekile irangi izagabanuka.Abandi banzuye ko muri ibi bihe kuzuza ibibanza bikora biosorption bizagerwaho72.
Kubwamahirwe kuri MNC10, MBR yiyongereye kandi iragabanuka nyuma ya 10 ppm ya MB igisubizo.Mugihe kimwe, igice gito cyane cya MG cyamamajwe.Ibi byerekana ko 10 ppm aribwo buryo bwiza bwo kwibanda kuri MNC10 adsorption.Kuri MNCs zose zize muriyi mirimo, gahunda yubushobozi bwa adsorption yari iteye itya: MNC20> MNC15> MNC10, impuzandengo yagereranijwe yari 10.36 mg / g, 6.85 mg / g na 0,71 mg / g, ikigereranyo cyo gukuraho ibiciro bya MG yari 87, 79%, 62.26% na 5.75%.Rero, MNC20 yerekanye ibyiza biranga adsorption hagati ya magnetiki nanocarbone ikomatanya, urebye ubushobozi bwa adsorption hamwe na UV igaragara.Nubwo ubushobozi bwa adsorption buri hasi ugereranije nizindi nanokarubone nka magnetiki ya MWCNT (11.86 mg / g) na halloysite nanotube-magnetic Fe3O4 nanoparticles (18.44 mg / g), ubu bushakashatsi ntibusaba gukoresha ubundi buryo bwo gukangura.Imiti ikora nk'isoko.gutanga uburyo bwiza kandi bushoboka bwubukorikori 73,74.
Nkuko bigaragazwa nagaciro ka SBET ya MNCs, ubuso bwihariye butanga imbuga zikora cyane kuri adsorption yumuti wa MB.Ibi birahinduka kimwe mubintu byingenzi biranga nanocarbone.Mugihe kimwe, bitewe nubunini buke bwa MNCs, igihe cyo guhuza ni kigufi kandi cyemewe, ibyo bikaba bihuye nimico nyamukuru yo gutanga amatangazo yamamaza75.Ugereranije na adsorbents zisanzwe, MNCs ikomatanya yuzuye magnetique kandi irashobora gukurwa muburyo bworoshye mugikorwa cyumurima wa magneti wo hanze76.Rero, igihe gikenewe mubikorwa byose byo kuvura kiragabanuka.
Adsorption isotherms ningirakamaro kugirango dusobanukirwe na adsorption hanyuma hanyuma werekane uburyo ibice bya adsorbate hagati yibice byamazi nibikomeye mugihe uburinganire bugeze.Ingano ya Langmuir na Freundlich ikoreshwa nkuburinganire busanzwe bwa isotherm, busobanura uburyo bwa adsorption, nkuko bigaragara ku gishushanyo cya 7. Icyitegererezo cya Langmuir cyerekana neza ishyirwaho ryurwego rumwe rwa adsorbate hejuru yinyuma ya adsorbent.Isotherms isobanurwa neza nka homogeneous adsorption surface.Mugihe kimwe, isotherm ya Freundlich ivuga neza uruhare rwuturere twinshi twa adsorbent nimbaraga za adsorption mugukanda adsorbate hejuru yuburinganire.
Icyitegererezo cyicyitegererezo cya Langmuir isotherm (a - c) na Freundlich isotherm (d - f) kuri MNC10, MNC15 na MNC20.
Adsorption isotherms kumurongo muke wa solute mubisanzwe ni umurongo77.Imirongo igereranya ya Langmuir isotherm moderi irashobora kugaragazwa muburinganire.1 Menya ibipimo bya adsorption.
KL (l / mg) ni Langmuir ihoraho igereranya guhuza MB na MNC.Hagati aho, qmax nubushobozi ntarengwa bwa adsorption (mg / g), qe nubushakashatsi bwa MC (mg / g), naho Ce nuburinganire bwa tekinike ya MC.Imirongo igaragara ya moderi ya Freundlich isotherm irashobora gusobanurwa gutya:
Igihe cyo kohereza: Gashyantare-16-2023