ASTM 201 304 Ibyuma bitagira umuyonga byatanze abatanga ibikoresho

Kubona oscilloscope byahoze ari umuhango wo gutambutsa ibyuma bya hackers.Kugeza vuba aha, ibikoresho bishya ntibyakunze kuba mu ngengo yimari yumuntu, bityo birashoboka ko watsinzwe na oscilloscope ishaje.Hano hari amahitamo menshi ahendutse muriyi minsi, cyane cyane niba ushizemo oscilloskopi ya mudasobwa ihendutse na “oscilloscopes”.Imetero ya digitale nayo irahendutse muriyi minsi (akenshi ni ubuntu mububiko bunini bunini), kimwe na generator yerekana ibimenyetso, kubara inshuro, ndetse nisesengura ryumvikana.

ASTM 201 304 Ibyuma bitagira umuyonga byatanze abatanga ibikoresho

Ariko hariho igice kimwe cyibikoresho byo kwipimisha bitagaragara kenshi nkuko byari bisanzwe, kandi ibyo biteye isoni kuko nigice kinini cyibikoresho.Tuvugishije ukuri, niba udakorana na simeless, birashoboka ko bitazaba kurutonde rwibyifuzo byawe, ariko niba hari icyo ukora hamwe na RF, ntabwo ari ibikoresho byinshi, ariko kandi bifite agaciro.icyo bita Biterwa.Amateka bitwaga "Grid Dip Oscillator" cyangwa GDO.Urashobora rimwe na rimwe kumva ko byitwa "grid tilt metero".Nyamara, verisiyo zigezweho ntizifite tebes (nuko rero grates), niyo mpamvu uzajya rimwe na rimwe ubyumva ubu bita inclinometero, cyangwa wenda indobo.
Ibyo ubita byose, ihame ryimikorere nimwe, kandi biroroshye cyane.Igikoresho ntakindi kirenze umurongo mugari cyane oscillator hamwe nibisohoka bihujwe numuzenguruko wo hanze.Hariho kandi uburyo bwo kugenzura ingufu generator ikoresha.Mubisanzwe bikorwa nukureba impinga amplitude ya oscillator.
Impamvu yo kugabanuka ifitanye isano nuburyo inductor na capacitor bitwara kuri radiyo zitandukanye.Hariho amasoko atatu yimbogamizi hafi yumuzunguruko cyangwa ibice byose: kurwanywa, bitagomba guhinduka hamwe numurongo, reaction ya capacitif, bitewe nubushobozi bwa capacitance, hamwe na reaction ya inductive yibigize inductive.Rimwe na rimwe, ufite byinshi.Kurugero, abarwanya karubone ntibagomba kugira reaction nyinshi muburyo ubwo aribwo bwose.Imiyoboro igomba kuba ifite ubushobozi.
Kuri capacitori yatanzwe, reaction ni nini cyane kuri frequency nkeya kandi ntoya cyane kuri frequency nyinshi.Inductance ikora ibinyuranye: imirongo mike itanga reaction nke kurenza iyo hejuru.Ibi biroroshye kwibuka niba utekereza kumuyoboro utaziguye nkumuraba hamwe na zeru ya zeru.Inductor (coil) biragaragara ko izatwara DC (reaction nkeya), mugihe capacitor (plaque ebyiri zibangikanye) biragaragara ko itazatwara DC (reaction nyinshi).
Nubwo kurwanya byose byumuzunguruko biterwa nibi bintu bitatu, ntabwo byoroshye nko kongeramo indangagaciro.Ibi ni ukubera ko kurwanya no kubyitwaramo atari byinshi.Niba ufite ikimenyetso cya 1V kijya muri 2 ohm umutwaro hamwe na 3 ohm reaction, urashaka kumenya ko yitwara kimwe na 1V ijya muburwanya busanzwe.Niba kurwanya no kubyitwaramo bihujwe murukurikirane, agaciro kuku kurwanya kwingirakamaro kangana na impedance, aribwo buryo bwo kugereranya no guhangana.
Muri uru rugero rero 22 + 32 = 13.Imizi ya kare ya 13 ni 3.6 neza, impedance rero ni 3.6 oms.Kugirango urusheho kugora ibintu, reaction ya inductive na capacitive reaction ikunda guhagarika undi.Ubushobozi bwa capacitif busanzwe bufatwa nkibibi, nubwo kuva turimo kubigabanya, ntacyo bitwaye muburyo bwo guhangana nabi utitaye kuriyi mibare yihariye.Kubantu bafite imibare, uratekereza rwose kurwanywa nkigice nyacyo na reaction nkigice cyibitekerezo cyumubare utoroshye.Guhindura imiterere ya polar itanga ubunini nicyiciro.
Ihuza rifitanye isano ni kimwe, ariko reaction iriyongera muburyo bumwe nuburinganire.Ariko ikigaragara ni uko kuri frequence zimwe, reaction ya inductive na capacitive reaction zingana.Murukurikirane rw'uruhererekane, ibi bivuze ko reaction iba zeru kandi hasigaye gusa guhangana.Muburyo bubangikanye, zeru irangirira kumurongo wigice, bityo reaction nziza ntigira iherezo (kandi iyo résistoriste isukuye ihujwe kuburinganire, ntabwo ihindura agaciro ka résistoriste).Ibyo ari byo byose, reaction irahagarika, hasigara imyigaragambyo yuzuye.
Ingingo aho reaction ihagarika undi yitwa resonance.Inclinometero ikora kuko kuri resonance point, oscillator ya metero izabona umutwaro ntarengwa (impedance yo hasi), bityo voltage igabanuka (cyangwa igabanuka).Mubindi bice byose, reaction zimwe zizagumaho kandi inzitizi zose zumuzunguruko uri munsi yikizamini zizaba nyinshi kuruta kuri resonance.
Ikigaragara ni uko ibikorwa nyamukuru bya inclinometero ari ugupima amajwi yumuzunguruko.Niba aribyo byose bisaba, birafasha cyane.Ariko nimbaraga nke zinyongera, inclinometer irashobora gukora byinshi.
Ubwa mbere, irashobora kandi gupima izindi nzitizi zahujwe, ntabwo ari ubushobozi bwa capacitori gusa.Kurugero, antene, kristu, hamwe nimirongo yohereza bishobora kugira ingingo yihariye ya resonance, kandi metero irashobora kubipima.Kuri kristu, inshuro ni ihindagurika rya kristu (hamwe nikosa runaka bitewe nubushobozi bwumutwaro nibindi bintu).Antenne irashobora kumvikana kuri frequence nyinshi, ntabwo ariyo ukunda gusa, bityo rero birasabwa guca urubanza.Ikintu cyose kidafite igiceri (nka antenne cyangwa kristu) gikenera igiceri gito kugirango cyohereze ingufu kuva muri metero kugera kumuzunguruko.
Kumurongo wamashanyarazi, urashobora gupima ibi ukora loop ntoya kugirango uhuze inclinometero (ntoya nibyiza).Shakisha dip yo hasi kandi izerekana 1/4 uburebure bwumurongo wohereza.Kurugero, niba umugozi wumvikanye kuri 7.5 MHz (uburebure bwa metero 40), umugozi ufite uburebure bwa metero 10.Ariko, ntukibagirwe gusuzuma umurongo wohereza ibintu byihuta.Ni ukuvuga, kimwe cya kane-umurongo wohereza umurongo ufite igipimo cya 0,66 bizaba bigufi kurenza uburebure bwa teoretiki (muriki gihe, ni 66% gusa byuburebure bwa theoretical).
Birumvikana, urashobora gukoresha ibipimo byohereza umurongo uko ubishaka.Nukuvuga ko, ushobora kubona resonant frequency yo gupima umugozi, cyangwa urashobora gushiraho inshuro hanyuma ugahindura umurongo kumurongo.Mubyukuri, gukoresha ibyo uzi kugirango ubone ibyo utazi akenshi ni ihame ryiza kuri grid inclinometer.Urashaka gupima ubushobozi butazwi?Kora resonant hamwe na inductor izwi.Cyangwa utangire na capacitor izwi hanyuma ushake agaciro kubiceri bitazwi.
Ariko, kimwe mubibazo byingenzi ni ugusoma neza.Bimwe mu bikoresho bya kijyambere bifite ibyuma byerekana imibare (nka DipIt yerekanwe iburyo).Ariko, ibipimo bikunze kugaragara ntabwo.Kurundi ruhande, urashobora kubahuza byoroshye na metero yumurongo cyangwa gukoresha imashini kugirango umenye neza inshuro.
Ibipimo byinshi birahari niba utitaye kubigereranyo.Coil ifite Q (Q factor) yerekana uko barwanya bafite mubijyanye na reaction yabo.Koresha capacitor nziza, kora umuziki wa resonant hanyuma uzenguruke metero.Witondere inshuro.Noneho wange inclinometero kugeza ubonye inshuro nyinshi gusoma kwayo kurenze 30% ugereranije nigihe uhengamye.Noneho uzamure sensor igoramye hanyuma umanuke umanuke kugeza igihe uzongera kubona ikimenyetso cya 30% kurundi ruhande.Q igereranijwe hafi yumurongo wo hasi ugabanijwe no gutandukanya imirongo ibiri 30%.
Ibi birashobora kugaragara, ariko Ursa Major nayo irashobora gukoreshwa nkisoko yikimenyetso.Kurugero, kugirango usane radio, ugomba gushyira inclinometero kumurongo ushaka ko radio yumva kandi ikayikurikirana binyuze mumuzunguruko.Inclinometero nyinshi nazo zifite uburyo zizimya oscillator hanyuma zigakoresha coil (na tuning capacitor) na diode nka metero yuburebure.Imetero noneho yerekana ingufu za RF kurwego rwateganijwe.Rukuruzi zimwe zifite na jack ya terefone kugirango ubashe kumva ibimenyetso (bikora nka radio ya kirisiti).
Imwe mumpamvu abantu benshi badafite inclinometero muri iki gihe nuko bataboneka byoroshye nkuko byari bisanzwe.Heathkit nisoko rizwi cyane ritanga inclinometero za moderi zitandukanye.Izindi moderi zizwi cyane za vintage (zikunze kugaragara kuri eBay) ni Eico, Millen, Boonton, hamwe na Corporate Measurements (witonde, niba utari umuterankunga, moderi ya tube ntishobora kunguka cyane).Urashobora kubona urutonde rwamashusho menshi ya GDO kurubuga rwa [n4xy] (amashusho ni gukanda gake kure ya buto ikurikira kurupapuro nyamukuru).Ibumoso hari ifoto y'ibipimo byanjye bya GDO bishaje (kandi yego, ikoresha tebes).
Urashobora kubona inclinometero nshya kuva MFJ (bagurisha MFJ-201 yerekanwe iburyo kandi urashobora no guhindura bamwe mubasesengura antenne muri inclinometero ikoreshwa).Hariho na porogaramu nyinshi kuri enterineti.Niba ushaka moderi nyayo (ntibisabwa), [w4cwg] ifite gahunda.[SMOVPO] itangiza igishushanyo cya FET igezweho hamwe na jumper nshya kugirango ifashe gukora igitonyanga cyimbitse.
Kurundi ruhande, bisa naho biteye isoni kubaka igice gishya kitagizwe na digitale.Birumvikana, urashobora kongeramo imwe, cyangwa ugakoresha imwe yubatswe nka DipIt cyangwa ELM.Hariho ibindi bintu byinshi ndetse nibikoresho.Reba hirya no hino.Igice gikomeye cyane ni uguhinduranya ibishishwa, nubwo bimwe bizakenera ubushobozi bwa capacitori bigoye kubibona.Ariko, mubikorwa, oscillator iyariyo yose ishobora guhagarara izakora.Mubyukuri, mfite indobo ebyiri zishaje za Heathkit zakoresheje diode mbi yo kurwanya tunone nka oscillator (imwe murimwe igaragara ibumoso).
Niba ukeneye videwo yerekana gukoresha inclinometero, sinshobora gukora neza kurenza [w2aew], urashobora rero kubona amashusho ye hepfo.
Umwe muribo ari kurutonde rwanjye "kuva nabonye uruhushya rwa radio amateur muri 2008. Ntabwo nabonye igiciro nshobora kugura.Kandi, mfite amatsiko amaduka atanga compteur ya digitale?Nshobora gukoresha DVOM zihenze cyane kugirango nerekane imiyoboro ya voltage (Ntabwo nigera nizera metero ihendutse kubindi byose).
Harbour Freight akenshi itanga ibyuma bikennye cyane.Rimwe na rimwe ndabajyana nkabishyira ku meza, kuko nka rimwe mu cyumweru umuntu yinjira akabaza ati: "Ufite ohmmeter?"Gusa ndabaha imwe kandi ntuteze ko izagaruka.Ikibazo gusa nuko ntafite buzzer.Ibi ni ubuswa bwuzuye, ariko kubikwirakwiza…
Urakoze, nzareba.Mfite metero ebyiri za Fluke ndetse na HP 3457A ishaje nishingikirizaho kugirango ibone ibipimo nyabyo, ariko byaba byiza mfite metero ebyiri zihenze nka monitor ya voltage nkeya mumishinga yanjye itandukanye yo gutanga amashanyarazi.
Nabonye ko ibinyamakuru byimodoka nka Hot Rod, Ubukorikori bwimodoka, nibindi bikunze kwamamaza Horror Fright kuruhande rwinyuma.Ibicuruzwa byabo bihendutse mubisanzwe bizana na "kubuntu" ($ 10 yo kugura).Ndabakunda, mfite hafi icumi muri zo, imwe kuri buri mashini, imwe kumeza yanjye, imwe kumurimo wanjye hamwe nabandi 5 mububiko.Mumyaka 5 cyangwa irenga "narabakusanyije", niba nabonye ikibazo, hari muriyi mpeshyi.Gukora ikintu (sinshobora kwibuka icyo) gusoma (haba DC voltage cyangwa resistance) byazimira nyuma yisegonda cyangwa irenga."Blank" bivuga gusoma birasubirwamo kandi bijya kuri 0.00 cyangwa OL.Nagerageje gusimbuza bateri indi bateri 9V nari naryamye hafi, ariko bimpa umuburo wa Lo Batt.Iyo nshizemo bateri yanjye, yakoraga neza.Horror Fright nayo igurisha indi DVM kumadorari 25 (naguze ibyanjye kumadorari 20).Ndayitwara mu gikapu cyanjye, ariko LCD ihindagurika irashobora rimwe na rimwe gukora mu buryo butambitse.Mfite kandi Flukes 4.
Hanze yingingo, ibi ntabwo bijyanye na multimetero nagato, OL bisobanura kurenza urugero, nibisanzwe kubarwanya, ntibigaragara na gato, bita infinity na volt zisanzwe, bivuze ko voltage nyinshi murwego rwatoranijwe, amabwiriza kubikoresho byawe bikubiyemo ibi.TM mugihe nyacyo?Hejuru ni gride ya inclinometer.gusa.
Nagenzuye ibice bibiri bitukura Harbour Freight compte nabonye kubusa hamwe na coupons.Igishushanyo giteye ubwoba, ntabwo nakoresha mumashanyarazi maremare.Imipira yo kugurisha hamwe nuudodo biri hose, kandi fuse ni ikirahure gusa.Nta fuse namba kuri 10A yinjiza, udutoki dusanzwe twibitoki, insinga zinanutse cyane kuri 10A, kandi izirinda ni nto cyane kubisabwa 600Vac / 1000Vdc.
Inshuti yanjye ntiyarebye metero ye kugeza igenzuye icyuma cyumisha 240V.Yacometse muyindi nsinga 10A metero iraturika.Ndashaka kuvuga mubyukuri urusaku rwinshi cyane, flash, kandi ibice byombi byagurutse.Kubwamahirwe ntabwo yari ayifashe, amahirwe umugozi yari afite ntiwashonga.
Nibwira ko naguze ibyanjye kumadorari 15 kuri humfest.Niba ushakisha google, hari n'imishinga myinshi kuri enterineti ikoresha FET kugirango uyubake.
Urashobora kugura DMM kuri £ 5 muri Maplin mu Bwongereza.Maplin ni ibikoresho bya elegitoroniki bitanga izina ryiza kubiciro biri hasi!Mbere, bagurishaga cyane cyane ibice.Ishami ryanyegereye kuri njye ni ahantu ho guhahira hanze yumujyi, agace ka Maplin birashoboka ko ari igice cyumupira wamaguru, kandi ntigifite transistor zirenze 2 za buri bwoko.Kurugero 2 tristoriste.Babiri, transistor zitandukanye, base 2, abakusanya 2, undi.Ibisigaye birashobora gutumizwa ku ishami.
Birababaje gato.Ububiko busigaye bwuzuye kashe ya gishinwa, urashobora kubona ibintu byiza kandi bihendutse biva mubicuruzwa bikwiye byabaguzi, hamwe nimpano nshyashya, igikinisho cyikinisho cyabashinwa nibindi nkibyo.Ubwiza bwa byose buhendutse cyane, ariko igiciro cyo kugurisha Maplin gihenze cyane.
Ntekereza nka Radio Shack mbere yo Kugwa.Birababaje gukunda Maplin, urutonde rwibintu byabo byumwaka byari nka porunogarafiya yingimbi.Impapuro 500 cyangwa zirenga, urutonde runini rwibigize!Noneho byose birashimishije PMR kugenda-kuganira hamwe na PC ya kera ya PC ya kera ya 60% kurenza uko wakwishyura umucuruzi wigenga.Ariko kubwimpamvu runaka nta terefone igendanwa.Ibi biracyari ahanini uburenganzira bwububiko bwa terefone bwihariye.
Ibyo ari byo byose, navuga ko na titre ya bootleg yagurisha multimetero kuri £ 5, usibye ko Maplin yishe inzozi zanjye.Ahandi, hashobora kuba urunigi rwamaduka ya DIY.Cyangwa, byanze bikunze, kumurongo.Urashobora kubona multimeter ihendutse cyane.Rimwe na rimwe, bitwa "abapima amashanyarazi murugo" cyangwa ikindi kintu kugirango metero zihenze zitagaragara cyane.Nagize bike bihendutse mumyaka kandi nta kirego mfite.Akenshi ibizamini bya transistor nabyo byubatswe. Mubyukuri, hariho ibintu bihenze.Sinzi itandukaniro.Ndashaka kubaka ubuziranenge.Ibyanjye ntibyigeze bikomanga, kubwimyaka myinshi ibintu byose biri murutonde.
Usibye ibyo, niba ushaka gusa gushiraho ikintu kuri PSU yawe, urashobora kandi kubona LED Voltmeters / Ammeters kuri Ebay kubiciro buke cyane muriyi minsi.Mubisanzwe PCB gusa idafite urubanza, inzira zose ukunda kuyishiraho.Ibara ryibice 7 LED wahisemo (yego, ntugomba guhitamo ubururu!).
Ntabwo ari ubuntu rwose, ariko birahagije kubigura.Natekereje niba umuntu yabahaye kubuntu, byaba kimwe kuri buri mukiriya, kandi mugihe kugura byari ukuri.
Noneho urashobora gukora neza.Arduino irashobora gusikana pin ya DDS.AD9851 ikora kuri 60MHz cyangwa 70.Imirongo yo hejuru irashobora kugerwaho hamwe inshuro ebyiri ninshuro eshatu.Imbaraga za Logarithmic zishobora gupima ibimenyetso hejuru yingufu nyinshi ninshuro.Ubwenge LCD ikoraho kugirango yerekane igisubizo cyinshyi.
Dore videwo ifite amakuru akomeye, ngira ngo nabibonye mbere, gusa byabaye gutsitara kuri duplexers / cavity muyunguruzi binyuze muri YT AI kandi ubwoko bwa… bwazanye iyi metero ya reticle:
gosh biragaragara ko ntari hacker rwose.Sinibuka ko nigeze numva ibyerekeye inclinometero (Nakoze umushinga wanjye wa mbere wa elegitoroniki mu myaka 50 ishize - yari imashini yakira quartz - nta bateri, gusa insinga ndende yasohotse mu idirishya ryicyumba cyanjye kugirango mpindure umwuka) Niyo mpamvu njyewe 'm gusoma Hackaday, kubwinyigisho nshya… kubwamahirwe ntabwo ngomba kuyikoresha.Ibintu nko gukorana na ESP8266 IOT byatumye nkomeza guhugira kandi ntabwo ninjiye mubutaka bushya.Ibyo ari byo byose, urakoze kubwinyandiko ishimishije cyane.
Nibyiza, mfite bike, ariko niba utangiye ukaba ushaka igikoresho gikora, birashoboka ko udashaka guhangana namatara nimbere imbere mugihe hari ubundi buryo bukomeye bwa leta bukomeye.Noneho, niba urimo gukusanya, biratandukanye.
Imiyoboro ishaje mugihe kandi nanone, kubumenyi bwanjye, kwitwara nabi nkuko bakoresha insinga ya filament bakubaka ububiko.Huza ibyo hamwe no kubigira kubikoresho bishaje kandi ibisubizo ntibishobora kuba ibyo ushaka.
Igitekerezo cyawe kijyanye nigituba ahanini ni kibi: "insinga ya filament" (bita neza filament) ntabwo ihindurwa no kubitsa.Ibi nibitekerezo bitari byo, urimo kwitiranya ibisobanuro uko byagenda kose, umuyoboro woherejwe urwaye cathodic yambuwe amashanyarazi menshi, ntutange amashanyarazi akwiye mbere.Ibi ntabwo bigira ingaruka kumuyoboro wakira.Icyakabiri, niba ukoresheje metero, ndaguhaye ikaze, amatara arashobora kumara amasaha arenga 5000.Mfite ibikoresho byo kwipimisha kuva muri 50, kaminuza na laboratoire bifite amatara yambere.N'ubundi kandi, nta kibi kiri ku miyoboro ya inclinometero, bamwe bavuga ko imiyoboro ya vacuum ari nziza mu kumenya imiyoboro ihanamye kurusha diyode nkeya cyangwa tunone bitewe n'ibiranga guca imiyoboro.Ndagusaba ko wajya kumuyoboro uhendutse ufite igipimo cya analog, kandi niba uhisemo ko ukeneye inzogera nifirimbi hamwe na digitale, genda kubyo.
Mfite Ibipimo 59 inclinometero mperutse kugarura nkibintu bishya.Nashyizeho umuhuza wa SMA kuruhande rumwe rwa oscillator na "sniffer" imbere kuruhande rw'itara rya 955 oscillator.Imashini ya digitale ya StarTek yerekana neza inshuro yumurongo wa antenna yumutego wanjye cyangwa indi inductor iyo iyo habaye kwibiza;igipimo cyacyo cyumwimerere kiracyari cyiza rwose.Ntabwo ari bibi kubikoresho bya 70s byoroshye cyane kandi bishimishije gukoresha…
Amatara akora GDO yoroshye kandi sinigeze ngira ikibazo cyo gutanga amashanyarazi yo hanze.Niba umuntu ashobora gucukura Nuvistor, bizakora pake.
Bimwe mubibazo bifite imiterere-shimikiro "GDOs" nuko transistor ya bipolar itari ihwanye neza na tebes, kandi tristoriste yo hambere rwose yabuze inyungu nigisubizo cyinshi.Sinzi uburyo Indobo ya Heathkit ikora neza, ariko nibindi bikoresho.Kamera nyinshi zinyuma zikoresha ubundi buryo kugirango zibone igitonyanga.FETs igaragara nkibikoresho bito bito bito, irembo riratemba nka gride, MOSFETs iragaragara, igomba no kugabanuka, ariko ushobora kubona kenshi disiketi ya RF kugirango ubone igitonyanga.Mu mpera za 1971, abasore bo muri Millen basobanuye gukoresha MOSFETs kugirango bahindure GO bazwi mubintu bya leta bigurishwa.Chassis imwe, coil hamwe na capacitor ya trimmer.Mu buryo butunguranye, umuzunguruko wa "yoroshye" wasabye akazi kenshi, harimo na choke nyinshi za RF, kugirango ubone gushyirwaho nta kwibeshya.
Ntabwo nigeze nubaka, ariko imiyoboro isa nkiyoroshye kandi izigurishwa ziraruhije.
Ntekereza ko GDO yazimiye kubera ibindi bikoresho byo kugerageza.Ariko igiciro nacyo cyazamutse.Heathkit cyangwa Eico bihendutse kandi hafi cyane iri mumadolari ijana cyangwa arenga.
Ahari mumuzingi wa hobbyist, ariko tebes iracyakoreshwa cyane mumashanyarazi menshi TV / UHF hamwe na microwave / satelite… #NotAllTubes
Urashobora kureba aya magambo.http://spectrum.ieee.org/semiconductor/devices/ikibazo-kuri-umuco-vacuum-tube
Mubunararibonye bwanjye, vacuum tube ibiyiko ni * byiza * kuruta ibiyiko bikomeye.Eico yanjye ni nziza, kimwe na Millen Dipper.Gukubita transistor urwego ni impuzandengo, imirongo ya tunnel ni mbi.Igihe cyose rero ubonye imwe ikora (cyangwa imwe ushobora gukosora), imyaka ntigomba kuba ikintu.
Urwego rwiza rushobora "kumva" umuzunguruko wa resonant kuva kuri santimetero nkeya… ntabwo ukeneye guhuzwa na coil nkuko bigaragara kuri videwo.Nanone, metero igomba kuba ihagaze neza nkuko uhuza kuva kuruhande rumwe kugeza kurundi.Abakene bakunda kugira ibyiza byinshi.
Big Dipper ifasha guhishura ibiri * mubyukuri bigenda mumurongo.Buri capacitor ifite inductance kandi buri inductor ifite ubushobozi.Ibi bivuze ko mubisanzwe bahinda umushyitsi mugihe runaka.Na none, capacitor yawe ya bypass ihinduka inductor, nuko birutwa nubusa!Big Dipper irashobora kandi kwerekana ko umuzunguruko wawe ufite ihindagurika ridasanzwe kuri radiyo zitunguranye, cyangwa ko ryumva bidasanzwe RF kuri radiyo imwe.