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ASTM A240 304 316 Icyuma giciriritse Icyuma giciriritse kirashobora kugabanywa no kugena igiciro cyuruganda rwubushinwa

Icyiciro cyibikoresho: 201/304 / 304l / 316 / 316l / 321/309s / 310s / 410/420/430 / 904l / 2205/2507
Ubwoko: Ferritic, Austenite, Martensite, Duplex
Ikoranabuhanga: Ubukonje buzunguruka kandi bushyushye
Impamyabumenyi: ISO9001, CE, SGS buri mwaka
Serivisi: Ikizamini cya gatatu
Gutanga: muminsi 10-15 cyangwa urebye ingano

Ibyuma bitagira umuyonga ni icyuma kivanze gifite byibuze Chromium ya 10.5 ku ijana.Ibirimo bya Chromium bitanga firime yoroheje ya chromium oxyde hejuru yicyuma bita passivation layer.Iki gipimo kirinda kwangirika kugaragara hejuru yicyuma;ubwinshi bwa Chromium mubyuma, niko birwanya ruswa.

Icyuma kirimo kandi ibintu byinshi bitandukanye nka Carbone, Silicon na Manganese.Ibindi bintu birashobora kongerwaho kugirango byongere ruswa (Nickel) no guhinduka (Molybdenum).

Imyitwarire ya carbone martensitike idafite ibyuma (HCMSS) igizwe na vol.% karbide irimo ibintu byinshi bya chromium (Cr) na vanadium (V), byakosowe na elegitoronike ya elegitoronike (EBM).Microstructure igizwe na martensite hamwe nibisigisigi bya austenite bisigaye, subicron yo hejuru V na micron ndende ya Carbide ikwirakwizwa neza, kandi ubukana buri hejuru.CoF igabanukaho hafi 14.1% hamwe no kongera umutwaro wa leta uhoraho bitewe no kohereza ibintu mumihanda yambarwa mumubiri uhanganye.Ugereranije nicyuma cya martensitis ibikoresho byafashwe muburyo bumwe, igipimo cyo kwambara cya HCMSS ni kimwe kumitwaro mike ikoreshwa.Uburyo bwiganje bwo kwambara ni ugukuraho matrix yicyuma ukoresheje abrasion ikurikirwa na okiside yumurongo wambara, mugihe ibice bitatu bigize abrasive bibaho bibaho hamwe no kongera umutwaro.Ibice byo guhindura plastike munsi yinkovu zerekanwe no gushushanya amakarita akomeye.Ibintu byihariye bibaho uko imyambarire yiyongera isobanurwa nko guturika karbide, guturika kwa karubide ndende, no gupfa.Ubu bushakashatsi butanga ibimenyetso biranga imyambarire y’inyongera ya HCMSS, ishobora gutanga inzira yo gukora ibice bya EBM byo gukoresha imyenda kuva ku mbaho ​​kugeza ku bikoresho byo gutera inshinge.
Ibyuma bitagira umwanda (SS) ni umuryango utandukanye wibyuma bikoreshwa cyane mu kirere, mu binyabiziga, mu biribwa no mu bindi bikorwa byinshi bitewe n’uko birwanya ruswa nyinshi hamwe n’ibikoresho bikoreshwa mu buryo bwa mashini 1,2,3.Kurwanya kwangirika kwinshi guterwa nibirimo byinshi bya chromium (hejuru ya 11.5 wt.%) Muri HC, bigira uruhare mugushinga firime ya oxyde ifite chromium nyinshi hejuru1.Nyamara, ibyiciro byinshi byicyuma bitagira umwanda bifite karubone nkeya bityo bikagira ubukana buke kandi bikarwanya kwambara, bigatuma ubuzima bwa serivisi bugabanuka mubikoresho bifitanye isano no kwambara nkibikoresho byo kugwa mu kirere4.Mubisanzwe bafite ubukana buke (mu ntera ya 180 kugeza 450 HV), gusa ubushyuhe bumwe na bumwe bwavuwe na martensitike idafite ibyuma bifite ubukana bwinshi (bugera kuri 700 HV) hamwe na karubone nyinshi (kugeza kuri 1.2 wt%), bishobora gutanga umusanzu kuri gushiraho martensite.1. Muri make, karubone nyinshi igabanya ubushyuhe bwo guhindura martensitike, bigatuma habaho microstructure yuzuye ya martensitike no kubona microstructure idashobora kwangirika ku gipimo cyo gukonja cyane.Ibyiciro bikomeye (urugero, karbide) birashobora kongerwaho matrike yicyuma kugirango turusheho kunoza imyambarire yurupfu.
Intangiriro yo gukora inyongeramusaruro (AM) irashobora gutanga ibikoresho bishya hamwe nibyifuzwa, imiterere ya microstructural, hamwe nubukanishi buhanitse5,6.Kurugero, ifu yigitanda cyo gushonga (PBF), bumwe mubikorwa byogusudira byongeweho gusudira, bikubiyemo gushira ifu yabanje kuvangwa kugirango ibe ibice bimeze neza mugushonga ifu ukoresheje amasoko yubushyuhe nka laseri cyangwa ibiti bya electron7.Ubushakashatsi bwinshi bwerekanye ko ibyuma byongewemo ibyuma bidafite ibyuma bishobora kurenza ibice bisanzwe bikozwe.Kurugero, ibyuma bya austenitike bitagira umuyonga byakorewe gutunganya inyongeramusaruro byagaragaye ko bifite imiterere yubukanishi bitewe na microstructure nziza (ni ukuvuga umubano wa Hall-Petch) 3,8,9.Ubushyuhe bwo kuvura AM-yakozwe na ferritic idafite ibyuma bitanga imvura yinyongera itanga imiterere yubukanishi busa na bagenzi babo basanzwe3,10.Yemejwe ibyiciro bibiri bidafite ibyuma bidafite imbaraga nimbaraga zikomeye, bitunganyirizwa hamwe no gutunganya inyongeramusaruro, aho imitunganyirize yimashini iterwa na chromium ikungahaye kuri intermetallic fase muri microstructure11.Byongeye kandi, uburyo bwiza bwubukanishi bwinyongera bukomeye bwa martensitike na PH ibyuma bitagira umuyonga birashobora kuboneka mugucunga austenite yagumanye muri microstructure no kunoza imashini nogukoresha ubushyuhe 3,12,13,14.
Kugeza magingo aya, imiterere ya tribologiya ya AM austenitis ibyuma bitagira umuyonga byitabiriwe cyane kuruta ibindi byuma bitagira umwanda.Imyitwarire ya tribologiya ya laser yashonga murwego rwifu (L-PBF) yavuwe hamwe na 316L yizwe nkigikorwa cyibipimo byo gutunganya AM.Byerekanwe ko kugabanya ububobere mukugabanya umuvuduko wo gusikana cyangwa kongera ingufu za laser bishobora kunoza imyambarire 15,16.Li et al.17 yagerageje kwambara kunyerera yumye munsi yibintu bitandukanye (umutwaro, inshuro n'ubushyuhe) kandi yerekanaga ko kwambara ubushyuhe bwicyumba aribwo buryo nyamukuru bwo kwambara, mugihe kongera umuvuduko wo kunyerera hamwe nubushyuhe bitera okiside.Igice cya oxyde gikomokaho gituma imikorere yikigero, umuvuduko ugabanuka hamwe nubushyuhe bwiyongera, kandi igipimo cyo kwambara cyiyongera kubushyuhe bwinshi.Muyindi nyigo, hiyongereyeho uduce twa TiC18, TiB219, na SiC20 kuri L-PBF yavuwe na matrike ya 316L yateje imbere imyambarire yatewe no gukora umurimo wuzuye ukomantaye hamwe no kwiyongera k'ubunini bw'uduce duto duto.Icyuma gikingira oxyde nacyo cyagaragaye no muri L-PBF12 ivura ibyuma bya PH hamwe na SS11 duplex ibyuma, byerekana ko kugabanya austenite yagumishijwe no kuvura nyuma yubushyuhe12 bishobora kunoza imyambarire.Nkuko byavuzwe muri make, ubuvanganzo bwibanze cyane cyane ku mikorere ya tribologiya ya serivise ya 316L SS, mugihe hari amakuru make yerekana imikorere ya tribologiya yuruhererekane rwa martensitike yongewemo ibyuma bitagira umwanda bifite karubone nyinshi.
Electron Beam Melting (EBM) nubuhanga busa na L-PBF bushobora gukora microstructures hamwe na karbide zinaniza nka vanadium ndende na chromium karbide bitewe nubushobozi bwayo bwo kugera ku bushyuhe bwo hejuru no ku gipimo cya scan 21, 22. Ubuvanganzo buriho kuri EBM itunganya umwanda. ibyuma byibanda cyane cyane ku kumenya ibipimo byiza bya ELM byo gutunganya kugirango ubone microstructure idafite ibice na pore no kunoza imiterere ya mashini23, 24, 25, 26, mugihe imirimo yo mumiterere ya tribologiya ya EBM ivura ibyuma bitagira umwanda.Kugeza ubu, uburyo bwo kwambara ibyuma byinshi bya karubone martensitike idafite ibyuma bivura hamwe na ELR byakozweho ubushakashatsi mu bihe bike, kandi bivugwa ko ihindagurika rikomeye rya pulasitike ryabayeho mu gihe cyangiza (ikizamini cy’umusenyi), cyumye, n’isuri 27.
Ubu bushakashatsi bwakoze iperereza ku kurwanya imyambarire hamwe no guteranya ibintu bya karuboni nyinshi ya martensitike idafite ibyuma bivura hamwe na ELR mu bihe byumye byasobanuwe hepfo.Ubwa mbere, imiterere ya microstructures yaranzwe no gukoresha scanning electron microscopie (SEM), ikwirakwiza ingufu za X-ray spectroscopy (EDX), itandukaniro rya X-ray hamwe nisesengura ryamashusho.Amakuru yabonetse hamwe nubu buryo akoreshwa nkibanze kugirango harebwe imyitwarire y’amoko binyuze mu bizamini byumye byisubiraho munsi yimizigo itandukanye, hanyuma amaherezo ya morfologiya yambarwa asuzumwa hifashishijwe SEM-EDX na laser profilometero.Igipimo cyo kwambara cyaragereranijwe kandi ugereranije nicyuma cya martensitike cyakoreshejwe.Ibi byakozwe murwego rwo gushiraho urufatiro rwo kugereranya sisitemu ya SS hamwe na sisitemu yo kwambara ikunze gukoreshwa hamwe nubwoko bumwe bwo kuvura.Hanyuma, ikarita yambukiranya inzira yinzira yo kwambara yerekanwa hakoreshejwe ikarita yo gushushanya algorithm igaragaza ihinduka rya plastike ibaho mugihe cyo guhura.Twabibutsa ko ibizamini bya tribologiya kuri ubu bushakashatsi byakozwe kugirango basobanukirwe neza imiterere yimiterere yibi bikoresho bishya, kandi ntibigana uburyo bwihariye.Ubu bushakashatsi bugira uruhare mu gusobanukirwa neza imiterere ya tribologiya yumushinga mushya wongeyeho ibyuma bya martensitike idafite ibyuma byo kwambara bisaba gukora mubidukikije.
Ingero z'icyuma kinini cya karubone martensitike idafite ibyuma (HCMSS) yavuwe na ELR ku izina rya Vibenite® 350 yakozwe kandi itangwa na VBN Ibigize AB, Suwede.Imiterere yimiti yizina yicyitegererezo: 1.9 C, 20.0 Cr, 1.0 Mo, 4.0 V, 73.1 Fe (wt.%).Ubwa mbere, ibishushanyo byumye byumye (40 mm × 20 mm × 5 mm) byakozwe mubigereranyo by'urukiramende byabonetse (42 mm × 22 mm × 7 mm) nta kuvura nyuma yubushyuhe hakoreshejwe imashini isohora amashanyarazi (EDM).Noneho ingero zagiye zisimburana hamwe na SiC sandpaper ifite ingano zingana na 240 kugeza 2400 R kugirango haboneke ububobere (Ra) bwa 0.15 mm.Byongeye kandi, ingero za EBM zivuwe cyane na karuboni ya martensitike yicyuma (HCMTS) ifite imiti yizina ya 1.5 C, 4.0 Cr, 2.5 Mo, 2.5 W, 4.0 V, 85.5 Fe (wt.%) (Ubucuruzi buzwi nka Vibenite® 150) Na none yateguwe muburyo bumwe.HCMTS irimo karbide 8% mubunini kandi ikoreshwa gusa kugereranya imibare yimyambarire ya HCMSS.
Microstructural iranga HCMSS yakozwe hakoreshejwe SEM (FEI Quanta 250, USA) ifite ibikoresho byo gukwirakwiza ingufu za X-ray (EDX) XMax80 ikuramo ibikoresho bya Oxford.Amafoto atatu adasanzwe arimo 3500 µm2 yafashwe muburyo bwa elegitoronike (BSE) hanyuma asesengurwa hifashishijwe isesengura ryamashusho (ImageJ®) 28 kugirango hamenyekane agace kamwe (ni ukuvuga agace k'ubunini), ubunini n'imiterere.Bitewe na morphologie yagaragaye iranga igice, agace kafashwe gahwanye nigice cyijwi.Mubyongeyeho, imiterere yibintu bya karbide ibarwa ukoresheje ibipimo bifatika (Shfa):
Hano Ai ni agace ka karbide (µm2) na Pi ni perimetero ya karbide (µm) 29.Kugirango umenye ibyiciro, ifu ya X-ray itandukanya (XRD) yakozwe ikoresheje X-ray diffractometero (Bruker D8 Ivumbura hamwe na LynxEye 1D detector detector) hamwe nimirasire ya Co-Kα (λ = 1.79026 Å).Sikana icyitegererezo hejuru ya 2θ kuva kuri 35 ° kugeza 130 ° hamwe nintambwe ya 0.02 ° hamwe nintambwe yamasegonda 2.Amakuru ya XRD yasesenguwe hifashishijwe porogaramu ya Diffract.EVA, yavuguruye ububiko bwa kristallografiya mu 2021. Byongeye kandi, hakozwe ibizamini byo gukomera kwa Vickers (Struers Durascan 80, Otirishiya) kugira ngo hamenyekane microhardness.Ukurikije ASTM E384-17 30 isanzwe, hacapwe 30 ku byitegererezo byateguwe mu buryo bwa metero 0,35 mm byiyongera kuri 10 s kuri 5 kgf.Abanditsi mbere baranze microstructural ibiranga HCMTS31.
Umupira wa plaque tribometero (Bruker Universal Mechanical Tester Tribolab, USA) yakoreshejwe mugukora ibizamini byimyambaro yumye, iboneza ryayo rirambuye ahandi31.Ibipimo byikizamini nibi bikurikira: ukurikije 32 ASTM G133-05, umutwaro 3 N, inshuro 1 Hz, inkoni 3 mm, igihe cyamasaha 1.Imipira ya Aluminium oxyde (Al2O3, icyiciro cya 28 / ISO 3290) ifite umurambararo wa mm 10 hamwe na macrohardness ya HV 1500 hamwe n'ubuso bwo hejuru (Ra) bwa 0.05 µm, bwatanzwe na Redhill Precision, Repubulika ya Ceki, byakoreshejwe nk'uburemere. .Kuringaniza byatoranijwe kugirango hirindwe ingaruka za okiside ishobora kubaho bitewe no kuringaniza no gusobanukirwa neza nuburyo bwo kwambara bwikigereranyo mugihe cyimyambarire ikabije.Twabibutsa ko ibipimo byikizamini ari kimwe no muri Ref.8 kugirango ugereranye imibare yimyambarire hamwe nubushakashatsi buriho.Byongeye kandi, hakozwe urukurikirane rwibizamini bisubirwamo umutwaro wa 10 N kugira ngo hamenyekane imikorere ya tribologiya ku mizigo iremereye, mu gihe ibindi bipimo by'ibizamini byakomeje guhoraho.Umuvuduko wambere wo guhura ukurikije Hertz ni 7.7 MPa na 11.5 MPa kuri 3 N na 10 N.Mugihe cyo kwipimisha kwambara, imbaraga zo guterana zanditswe kuri frequence ya 45 Hz hanyuma impuzandengo ya coefficient de coiffure (CoF) irabaze.Kuri buri mutwaro, ibipimo bitatu byafashwe mubihe bidukikije.
Inzira yo kwambara yasuzumwe hifashishijwe SEM yasobanuwe haruguru, kandi isesengura rya EMF ryakozwe hifashishijwe porogaramu yo gusesengura hejuru ya Aztec Acquisition.Ubuso bwambarwa bwa cube zombi bwasuzumwe hakoreshejwe microscope optique (Keyence VHX-5000, Ubuyapani).Umwirondoro udahuza lazeri (NanoFocus µScan, Ubudage) wasuzumye ikimenyetso cyo kwambara gifite verisiyo ihagaritse ± 0.1 µm kuruhande rwa z axis na 5 µm kuruhande rwa x na y.Ikarita yerekana inkovu yerekana ikarita yakozwe muri Matlab® ikoresheje imirongo ya x, y, z yakuwe mubipimo byerekana.Inzira nyinshi zo kwambara zerekana imyirondoro yakuwe ku ikarita yerekana ishusho ikoreshwa mu kubara igihombo cyo kwambara ku nzira yo kwambara.Igihombo cy'ijwi cyabazwe nk'ibicuruzwa biva mu gice cyambukiranya ibice byerekana imiterere y'insinga n'uburebure bw'imyenda yo kwambara, kandi ibisobanuro birambuye by'ubu buryo byasobanuwe n'abanditsi33.Kuva hano, igipimo cyihariye cyo kwambara (k) kiboneka muburyo bukurikira:
Hano V ni igihombo cyijwi kubera kwambara (mm3), W ni umutwaro washyizweho (N), L ni intera yo kunyerera (mm), na k nigipimo cyihariye cyo kwambara (mm3 / Nm) 34.Ikarita yerekana amakarita hamwe namakarita yerekana imiterere ya HCMTS yashyizwe mubikoresho byiyongera (Ishusho yinyongera S1 nishusho S2) kugirango ugereranye igipimo cyimyambarire ya HCMSS.
Muri ubu bushakashatsi, ikarita yambukiranya ibice byerekana inzira yo kwambara yakoreshejwe mu kwerekana imyitwarire ya plastike (ni ukuvuga akazi gakomeye bitewe n’umuvuduko w’itumanaho) wa zone yambara.Ingero zasizwe zaciwe hamwe na aluminium oxyde yo gukata ku mashini yo gutema (Struers Accutom-5, Otirishiya) hanyuma isukwa hamwe n’amanota ya sandari ya SiC kuva kuri 240 kugeza 4000 P hamwe n'ubunini bw'icyitegererezo.Ibipimo bya Microhardness kuri 0.5 kgf 10 s na 0.1 mm intera ukurikije ASTM E348-17.Ibicapo byashyizwe kuri 1.26 × 0.3 mm2 ya gride y'urukiramende hafi 60 µm munsi yubuso (Ishusho 1) hanyuma ikarita yerekana ubukana yatanzwe hakoreshejwe kode ya Matlab® yihariye yasobanuwe ahandi35.Hiyongereyeho, microstructure ya gice cyambukiranya agace kambarwa yasuzumwe hakoreshejwe SEM.
Igishushanyo cyerekana ikimenyetso cyerekana aho igice cyambukiranya (a) hamwe na micrografi optique yikarita yikarita yerekana ikimenyetso cyerekanwe mugice cyambukiranya (b).
Microstructure ya HCMSS ivurwa hamwe na ELP igizwe numuyoboro wa karbide wa homogeneous ukikijwe na matrix (Ishusho 2a, b).Isesengura rya EDX ryerekanye ko karibisi yijimye kandi yijimye yari chromium na karubide ikungahaye kuri vanadium (Imbonerahamwe 1).Urebye uhereye ku isesengura ry’amashusho, agace kangana na karbide kangana na ~ 22.5% (~ 18.2% karbide ya chromium ndende na ~ 4.3% ya karubide ya vanadium).Impuzandengo y'ibinyampeke hamwe no gutandukana bisanzwe ni 0,64 ± 0.2 µm na 1.84 ± 0.4 µm kuri karbide ikungahaye kuri V na Cr (Ishusho 2c, d).Carbide yo hejuru ya V ikunda kuba izengurutse ifite imiterere (± SD) ya 0,88 ± 0.03 kuko imiterere yibintu bigera kuri 1 bihuye na karbide.Ibinyuranye, karbide ndende ya chromium ntabwo izengurutse neza, ifite imiterere ya 0.56 ± 0.01, ishobora guterwa na agglomeration.Martensite (α, bcc) hamwe na austenite (γ ', fcc) itandukanijwe yagaragaye ku gishushanyo cya X-ray ya HCMSS nkuko bigaragara ku gishushanyo cya 2e.Mubyongeyeho, X-ray yerekana ko hariho karbide ya kabiri.Carbide nyinshi za chromium zamenyekanye nka karbide yo mu bwoko bwa M3C2 na M23C6.Dukurikije imibare y’ubuvanganzo, impinga ya 36,37,38 yo gutandukanya karbide ya VC yanditswe kuri ≈43 ° na 63 °, byerekana ko impinga za VC zashizwe mu mpinga n’imisozi M23C6 ya karubide ikungahaye kuri chromium (Ishusho 2e).
Microstructure ya karubone nyinshi ya martensitike idafite ibyuma bivura hamwe na EBL (a) mugukuza gake na (b) mugukuza cyane, byerekana chromium na vanadium karbide ikungahaye hamwe na matrike idafite ibyuma (uburyo bwa electron backscattering mode).Igishushanyo mbonera cyerekana ingano yikwirakwizwa rya chromium ikungahaye (c) na karubide ikungahaye kuri vanadium.Imiterere ya X-ray yerekana ko hariho martensite, yagumanye austenite na karbide muri microstructure (d).
Impuzandengo ya microhardness ni 625.7 + 7.5 HV5, yerekana ubukana buringaniye ugereranije nibyuma bitunganijwe bisanzwe bya martensitike bitagira ibyuma (450 HV) 1 bitavuwe nubushyuhe.Ubukomezi bwa nanoindentation ya karbide ndende na Carbide ndende bivugwa ko iri hagati ya 12 na 32.5 GPa39 na 13-22 GPa40.Rero, ubukana bwinshi bwa HCMSS buvuwe na ELP buterwa na karubone nyinshi, iteza imbere gushiraho urusobe rwa karbide.Niyo mpamvu, HSMSS ivurwa na ELP yerekana imiterere myiza ya microstructural hamwe nubukomere nta yandi mavuriro nyuma yubushyuhe.
Imirongo yikigereranyo cya coefficient de coiffure (CoF) kuburugero kuri 3 N na 10 N irerekanwa mumashusho 3, urutonde rwibiciro ntarengwa kandi ntarengwa rwo kugereranya rugaragazwa nigicucu cyoroshye.Buri murongo werekana kwiruka-icyiciro nicyiciro cya leta gihamye.Icyiciro cyo kwiruka kirangirira kuri 1,2 m hamwe na CoF (± SD) ya 0.41 ± 0.24.3 N no kuri 3.7 m hamwe na CoF ya 0,71 ± 0.16.10 N, mbere yo kwinjira mu cyiciro gihamye iyo guterana guhagarara.ntabwo ihinduka vuba.Bitewe n'ahantu ho guhurira no guhindagurika kwa plastike itangiye, imbaraga zo guterana ziyongereye vuba mugihe cyo kwiruka kuri 3 N na 10 N, aho imbaraga zo guterana hejuru hamwe nintera ndende yo kunyerera yabereye kuri 10 N, bishobora guterwa ku buryo Ugereranije na 3 N, ibyangiritse hejuru ni byinshi.Kuri 3 N na 10 N, agaciro ka CoF mugice gihagaze ni 0,78 ± 0.05 na 0,67 ± 0.01, kimwe.CoF ihagaze neza kuri 10 N kandi yiyongera gahoro gahoro kuri 3 N. Mubitabo bike, CoF ya L-PBF yavuzaga ibyuma bitagira umwanda ugereranije numubiri wibikorwa bya ceramic kumitwaro mike ikoreshwa kuva kuri 0.5 kugeza 0.728, 20, 42, iri muri amasezerano meza hamwe nindangagaciro za CoF zapimwe muri ubu bushakashatsi.Kugabanuka kwa CoF hamwe no kongera umutwaro muburyo butajegajega (hafi 14.1%) birashobora guterwa no kwangirika kwubutaka kugaragara hagati yimbere yubuso bwambarwa na mugenzi we, bizakomeza kuganirwaho mugice gikurikira hifashishijwe isesengura ryubuso bwubuso ingero zambarwa.
Coefficient ya friction ya VSMSS ingero zavuwe hamwe na ELP kumuhanda unyerera kuri 3 N na 10 N, icyiciro gihagaze cyerekanwe kuri buri murongo.
Igipimo cyihariye cyo kwambara cya HKMS (625.7 HV) cyagereranijwe kuri 6.56 ± 0.33 × 10-6 mm3 / Nm na 9.66 ± 0.37 × 10-6 mm3 / Nm kuri 3 N na 10 N, (Ishusho 4).Rero, igipimo cyo kwambara cyiyongera hamwe no kongera umutwaro, ibyo bikaba bihuza neza nubushakashatsi buriho kuri austenite ivurwa na L-PBF na PH SS17,43.Mubihe bimwe byamoko, igipimo cyo kwambara kuri 3 N ni kimwe cya gatanu cyuko ibyuma bya austenitis bitagira umuyonga bivurwa na L-PBF (k = 3.50 ± 0.3 × 10-5 mm3 / Nm, 229 HV), nkuko byari bimeze mbere .8. Byongeye kandi, igipimo cyo kwambara cya HCMSS kuri 3 N cyari hasi cyane ugereranije nicyuma gisanzwe cyakozwe na austenitis cyuma kitagira umuyonga kandi byumwihariko, hejuru yicyuma gikabije cyane (k = 4.20 ± 0.3 × 10-5 mm3)..Ugereranije nubushakashatsi bwakozwe mubuvanganzo, kunoza imyambarire ya HCMSS biterwa nubwinshi bwa karubone hamwe numuyoboro wa karbide wakozwe bigatuma habaho gukomera cyane kuruta ibyuma byongewemo ibyuma bya austenitike bitagira ibyuma bisanzwe.Kugirango turusheho kwiga igipimo cyimyambarire yikigereranyo cya HCMSS, urugero rwicyuma gisa na carbone martensitike yicyuma (HCMTS) cyagereranijwe (gifite ubukana bwa 790 HV) cyageragejwe mubihe bisa (3 N na 10 N) kugirango bigereranye;Ibikoresho by'inyongera ni Ikarita yerekana ishusho ya HCMTS (Ishusho yinyongera S2).Igipimo cyo kwambara cya HCMSS (k = 6.56 ± 0.34 × 10-6 mm3 / Nm) kirasa nkicya HCMTS kuri 3 N (k = 6.65 ± 0.68 × 10-6 mm3 / Nm), byerekana kwihanganira kwambara neza .Ibi biranga ahanini biterwa na microstructural ibiranga HCMSS (ni ukuvuga ibirimo karbide nyinshi, ingano, imiterere nogukwirakwiza ibice bya karbide muri matrix, nkuko byasobanuwe mu gice cya 3.1).Nkuko byavuzwe mbere 31,44, ibirimo karbide bigira ingaruka mubugari n'uburebure bw'inkovu zambara hamwe nuburyo bwo kwambara mikorobe.Nyamara, ibirimo karbide ntibihagije kugirango birinde impfu kuri 10 N, bigatuma kwambara byiyongera.Mu gice gikurikira, kwambara morfologiya yo hejuru hamwe na topografiya ikoreshwa mugusobanura uburyo bwo kwambara no guhindura ibintu bigira ingaruka kumyambarire ya HCMSS.Kuri 10 N, igipimo cyo kwambara cya VCMSS (k = 9.66 ± 0.37 × 10-6 mm3 / Nm) kiri hejuru ya VKMTS (k = 5.45 ± 0.69 × 10-6 mm3 / Nm).Ibinyuranye nibyo, ibipimo byo kwambara biracyari hejuru cyane: mugihe cyibizamini bisa, igipimo cyo kwambara gishingiye kuri chromium na satelite kiri munsi ya HCMSS45,46.Hanyuma, kubera ubukana bwinshi bwa alumina (1500 HV), igipimo cyo kwambara cyo gushyingiranwa nticyari gito kandi habonetse ibimenyetso byo kwimura ibintu kuva mubigero kugeza kumipira ya aluminium.
Imyambarire idasanzwe muri ELR itunganya ibyuma byinshi bya karubone martensitike idafite ibyuma (HMCSS), ELR itunganya ibyuma bya karubone martensitike yicyuma (HCMTS) na L-PBF, gutera no gukanda hejuru ya isotropic (HIP) gutunganya ibyuma bya austenitike (316LSS) muburyo butandukanye umuvuduko uremerewe.Ikwirakwizwa ryerekana itandukaniro risanzwe ryibipimo.Ibyatanzwe kuri austenitis ibyuma bidafite ibyuma byafashwe kuva 8.
Mugihe ibintu bigoye nka chromium na stellite bishobora gutanga imbaraga zo kwambara neza kuruta sisitemu yongeweho imashini yongeweho, imashini yinyongera irashobora (1) kunoza microstructure, cyane cyane kubikoresho bifite ubucucike butandukanye.ibikorwa ku gice cyanyuma;no (3) kurema hejuru yubutaka bwa topologiya nkibikoresho byamazi bihujwe.Mubyongeyeho, AM itanga imiterere ya geometrike.Ubu bushakashatsi ni bushya kandi ni ngombwa kuko ni ngombwa gusobanura ibiranga imyambarire y'ibyuma bishya bivangwa na EBM, kubera ko ibitabo biriho ubu ari bike cyane.
Imiterere yubuso bwambarwa hamwe na morphologie yintangarugero yambarwa kuri 3 N irerekanwa mugitabo.5, aho uburyo nyamukuru bwo kwambara ari abrasion ikurikirwa na okiside.Ubwa mbere, insimburangingo y'ibyuma ihindurwamo plastike hanyuma ikurwaho kugirango ikore ibinogo 1 kugeza kuri 3 µm byimbitse, nkuko bigaragara mubishushanyo mbonera (Ishusho 5a).Bitewe nubushyuhe bwo guterana buterwa no gukomeza kunyerera, ibikoresho byakuweho biguma kumurongo wa sisitemu ya tribologiya, bigakora urwego rwibinyabuzima rugizwe nibirwa bito bya okiside ya fer nini ikikije chromium ndende na karubide ya vanadium (Ishusho 5b na Imbonerahamwe 2).), nkuko byavuzwe kandi ku byuma bya austenitis bitagira ibyuma bivurwa na L-PBF15,17.Ku mutini.5c yerekana okiside ikabije igaragara hagati yinkovu yo kwambara.Rero, kwibumbira hamwe byoroherezwa no gusenya urwego rwo guterana (ni ukuvuga igice cya oxyde) (Igishusho 5f) cyangwa kuvanaho ibintu bibera ahantu hacitse intege muri microstructure, bityo byihutisha gukuraho ibintu.Muri ubwo buryo bwombi, gusenya urwego rwo guterana biganisha ku gushiraho ibicuruzwa byambarwa kuri interineti, bishobora kuba impamvu yo kwiyongera kwa CoF muri leta ihamye 3N (Ishusho 3).Byongeye kandi, hari ibimenyetso byerekana kwambara ibice bitatu biterwa na okiside hamwe nuduce duto two kwambara ku murongo wambara, amaherezo biganisha ku gukora mikorobe nto kuri substrate (Ishusho 5b, e) 9,12,47.
Umwirondoro wubuso (a) hamwe na Photomicrographs (b - f) yimyambarire yimyambarire ya carbone martensitike idafite ibyuma bitavanze hamwe na ELP kuri 3 N, ibice byambukiranya imyenda muburyo bwa BSE (d) na microscopi optique yo kwambara hejuru kuri 3 N (g) alumina.
Ibipande byanyerera byakozwe hejuru yicyuma, byerekana ihinduka rya plastike kubera kwambara (Ishusho 5e).Ibisubizo nkibi byabonetse no mubushakashatsi bwimyitwarire yimyambarire ya SS47 austenitis ibyuma bivurwa na L-PBF.Ihindurwa rya karbide ikungahaye kuri vanadium irerekana kandi ihinduka rya plastike ya matrike yicyuma mugihe cyo kunyerera (Ishusho 5e).Micrographs yicyiciro cyambukiranya ikimenyetso cyerekana ko hariho ibyobo bito bizengurutse bikikijwe na microcrack (Igishusho 5d), bishobora guterwa no guhindagurika gukabije kwa plastike hafi yubuso.Iyimurwa ryibikoresho bya aluminium oxyde yari mike, mugihe imirima yagumye kuba ntamakemwa (Ishusho 5g).
Ubugari n'uburebure bwo kwambara by'icyitegererezo byiyongereye hamwe no kongera umutwaro (kuri 10 N), nk'uko bigaragara ku ikarita y'ubutaka bw'isi (Ishusho 6a).Abrasion na okiside biracyari uburyo bwo kwambara bwiganje, kandi kwiyongera k'umubare muto wa mikorobe ku murongo wo kwambara byerekana ko kwambara ibice bitatu nabyo bibaho kuri 10 N (Ishusho 6b).Isesengura rya EDX ryerekanye ishyirwaho ryizinga rya okiside ikungahaye kuri fer.Impinga ya Al mu mpande zombi yemeje ko ihererekanyabubasha ry’ibintu bivuye kuri mugenzi we ku cyitegererezo ryabaye kuri 10 N (Ishusho 6c na Imbonerahamwe 3), mu gihe bitagaragaye kuri 3 N (Imbonerahamwe 2).Imyambarire yimibiri itatu iterwa no kwambara ibice biva mu birwa bya okiside na analoge, aho isesengura rirambuye rya EDX ryerekanye carryover yibintu bivuye mubigereranyo (Ishusho yinyongera S3 nimbonerahamwe S1).Iterambere ryibirwa bya oxyde bifitanye isano nibyobo byimbitse, nabyo bigaragara muri 3N (Ishusho 5).Kumenagura no gucamo ibice bya karbide biboneka cyane muri karbide ikungahaye kuri 10 N Cr (Ishusho 6e, f).Byongeye kandi, karbide nyinshi ya V iranyeganyega kandi ikambara matrix ikikije, nayo itera kwambara ibice bitatu.Urwobo rusa mu bunini no mu miterere rusa na karbide ndende ya V (rwerekanwe mu ruziga rutukura) narwo rwagaragaye mu gice cyambukiranya umuhanda (Ishusho 6d) (reba ubunini bwa karbide n'isesengura ry'imiterere. 3.1), byerekana ko V ndende karbide V irashobora kuva kuri matrix kuri 10 N. Imiterere yizenguruko ya karbide ndende ya V igira uruhare mu gukurura, mugihe karbide nini ya Cr karbide ikunda gucika (Ishusho 6e, f).Iyi myitwarire yo kunanirwa yerekana ko matrix yarenze ubushobozi bwayo bwo guhangana n’imiterere ya pulasitike kandi ko microstructure idatanga imbaraga zihagije kuri 10 N. Kuvunika guhagaritse munsi yubutaka (Igishusho 6d) byerekana ubukana bwimiterere ya plastike ibaho mugihe cyo kunyerera.Mugihe umutwaro wiyongereye hariho ihererekanyabubasha ryibintu biva mumihanda yambarwa kugera kumupira wa alumina (Igishusho 6g), gishobora guhagarara neza kuri 10 N. Impamvu nyamukuru yo kugabanuka kwagaciro ka CoF (Ishusho 3).
Umwirondoro wubuso (a) hamwe nifoto (b - f) yubutaka bwambarwa hejuru yubutaka (b - f) bwicyuma kinini cya karubone martensitike idafite ibyuma bivura hamwe na EBA kuri 10 N, wambukiranya inzira muburyo bwa BSE (d) hamwe na microscope optique urwego rwa alumina kuri 10 N (g).
Mugihe cyo kunyerera kunyerera, ubuso bukorerwa na antibody iterwa no kwikuramo no gukata, bigatuma habaho ihinduka rikomeye rya plastike munsi yubusa 34,48,49.Kubwibyo, gukomera kumurimo birashobora kugaragara munsi yubuso bitewe no guhindura plastike, bigira ingaruka kumyambarire no guhindura imikorere igena imyitwarire yimyambarire.Kubwibyo, gushushanya ibice byerekana ikarita (nkuko byavuzwe mu gice cya 2.4) byakozwe muri ubu bushakashatsi kugirango hamenyekane iterambere rya zone deformasique ya plastike (PDZ) munsi yinzira yo kwambara nkigikorwa cyumutwaro.Kuva, nkuko byavuzwe mu bice bibanziriza iki, ibimenyetso bigaragara byerekana ihinduka rya plastike byagaragaye munsi y’imyenda (Ishusho 5d, 6d), cyane cyane kuri 10 N.
Ku mutini.Igicapo 7 kirerekana ibishushanyo mbonera byerekana ibimenyetso byerekana imyenda ya HCMSS yavuwe na ELP kuri 3 N na 10 N. Birakwiye ko tumenya ko indangagaciro zikomeye zakoreshejwe nkigipimo cyo gusuzuma ingaruka zo gukomera kumurimo.Guhindura ubukana munsi yikimenyetso cyo kwambara ni kuva kuri 667 kugeza kuri 672 HV kuri 3 N (Ishusho 7a), byerekana ko akazi gakomeye ari ntagaciro.Birashoboka, kubera imiterere mike yikarita ya microhardness (ni ukuvuga intera iri hagati yikimenyetso), uburyo bwakoreshejwe bwo gupima ubukana ntibushobora kumenya impinduka mubukomere.Ibinyuranye, zone ya PDZ ifite agaciro gakomeye kuva 677 kugeza 686 HV hamwe nuburebure ntarengwa bwa 118 µm nuburebure bwa 488 µm byagaragaye kuri 10 N (Ishusho 7b), bifitanye isano nubugari bwimyambarire ( Igishushanyo 6a)).Amakuru nkaya kuri PDZ yubunini butandukanye hamwe nuburemere yabonetse mubushakashatsi bwo kwambara kuri SS47 yavuwe na L-PBF.Ibisubizo byerekana ko kuba austenite yagumishijwe bigira ingaruka ku guhindagurika kwibyuma byongeweho byongeweho 3, 12, 50, hamwe na austenite yagumye ihinduka martensite mugihe cyo guhindura ibintu kwa plastike (ingaruka za plastike zo guhindura ibyiciro), byongera akazi gakomeye kwicyuma.ibyuma 51. Kubera ko icyitegererezo cya VCMSS cyarimo austenite yagumanye ukurikije uburyo bwo gutandukanya X-ray yavuzwe haruguru (Ishusho 2e), hasabwe ko kugumana austenite muri microstructure bishobora guhinduka martensite mugihe cyo guhura, bityo bikongera ubukana bwa PDZ ( Igishushanyo 7b).Byongeye kandi, gushiraho kunyerera biboneka kumurongo wambarwa (Igicapo 5e, 6f) birerekana kandi ihinduka rya plastike riterwa no kunyerera bitewe nigikorwa cyo guhangayikishwa no kunyerera.Nyamara, impagarara zogosha zatewe kuri 3 N ntabwo zari zihagije kugirango habeho ubucucike bukabije bwa dislokasiyo cyangwa guhindura austenite yagumishijwe kuri martensite yubahirijwe nuburyo bwakoreshejwe, bityo gukomera kwakazi byagaragaye kuri 10 N gusa (Ishusho 7b).
Igishushanyo mbonera cy’ibishushanyo mbonera byerekana imyenda ya karuboni nyinshi ya martensitike idafite ibyuma bikoreshwa mu gusohora amashanyarazi kuri 3 N (a) na 10 N (b).
Ubu bushakashatsi bwerekana imyitwarire yo kwambara hamwe na microstructural biranga icyuma gishya cya karubone martensitike idafite ibyuma bivura hamwe na ELR.Ibizamini byo kwambara byumye byakorwaga mu kunyerera munsi yimizigo itandukanye, kandi ingero zambarwa zasuzumwe hifashishijwe microscopi ya electron, laser profilometero hamwe namakarita yo gukomera yibice byambukiranya inzira.
Isesengura rya Microstructural ryagaragaje ikwirakwizwa rya karibide hamwe na chromium nyinshi (~ 18.2% karbide) na vanadium (~ 4.3% karbide) muri matrise ya martensite kandi ikagumana austenite ifite mikorobe ikabije.Uburyo bwiganje bwo kwambara ni kwambara no okiside ku mizigo mike, mugihe imyambaro yimibiri itatu iterwa na karbide ndende-V hamwe na oxyde yintete irekuye nayo igira uruhare mukwambara kwongera imitwaro.Igipimo cyo kwambara kiruta L-PBF hamwe nicyuma gisanzwe cyakozwe na austenitis ibyuma bitagira umuyonga, ndetse bisa nkibya EBM ibyuma byabigenewe bikoreshwa mumitwaro mike.Agaciro ka CoF kagabanuka hamwe no kongera umutwaro bitewe no kohereza ibintu mumubiri utandukanye.Ukoresheje uburyo bwo gushushanya ikarita yo gushushanya, agace ka disformasiyo ya plastike karerekanwa munsi yikimenyetso.Ibishobora gutunganywa ingano hamwe ninzibacyuho muri matrix birashobora gukomeza gukorwaho iperereza ukoresheje itandukaniro rya electron backscatter kugirango wumve neza ingaruka zo gukomera kumurimo.Ikemurwa rito ryikarita ya microhardness ntabwo ryemerera kwiyumvisha ubukana bwakarere kambaye imitwaro mike ikoreshwa, bityo nanoindentation irashobora gutanga ibisubizo bihamye byo gukemura ukoresheje uburyo bumwe.
Ubu bushakashatsi butanga ku nshuro ya mbere isesengura ryuzuye ry’imyambarire idahwitse hamwe n’imiterere yo guteranya ibintu bishya bya karubone martensitike idafite ibyuma bitavuwe na ELR.Urebye ubwisanzure bwa geometrike ya AM hamwe nibishoboka byo kugabanya intambwe zo gutunganya hamwe na AM, ubu bushakashatsi bushobora gutanga inzira yo gukora ibi bikoresho bishya no kuyikoresha mubikoresho bifitanye isano no kwambara kuva kumashini kugeza kumashanyarazi ya plastike hamwe numuyoboro utoroshye wo gukonjesha.
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