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Yerekana karuseli ya sisitemu eshatu icyarimwe.Koresha Utubuto na Ibikurikira kugirango unyuze mumashusho atatu icyarimwe, cyangwa ukoreshe utubuto twa slide kumpera kugirango wimuke unyuze mubice bitatu icyarimwe.
Muri ubu bushakashatsi, hashyizweho uburyo bwo kumenya icyarimwe icyerekezo cya fenolike ihindagurika, cyanide, surfactants ya anionic na azote ya amoniya mumazi yo kunywa ukoresheje isesengura ryamazi.Ingero zabanje gutoborwa kuri 145 ° C.Fenol muri distillate noneho ifata hamwe na ferricyanide yibanze na 4-aminoantipyrine kugirango ikore urwego rutukura, ipimwa amabara kuri 505 nm.Cyanide muri distillate noneho ikora hamwe na chloramine T ikora cyanochloride, hanyuma igakora complexe yubururu hamwe na aside pyridinecarboxylic, ipimwa ibara kuri 630 nm.Anionic surfactants ikora hamwe nubururu bwa methylene yubururu kugirango ikore uruganda rukurwamo chloroform hanyuma rwogejwe nubururu bwa methylene yubururu kugirango ikureho ibintu bivanga.Ubururu bwubururu muri chloroform bwagenwe muburyo bwa 660 nm.Mu bidukikije bya alkaline ifite uburebure bwa 660 nm, ammonia ifata salicylate na chlorine muri aside ya dichloroisocyanuric ikora ubururu bwa indofenol kuri 37 ° C.Ku bwinshi bwa fenolike ihindagurika hamwe na cyanide iri hagati ya 2–100 µg / l, ugereranije ugereranije ni 0,75-6.10% na 0.36-5.41%, naho igipimo cyo gukira cyari 96.2-103.6% na 96.0-102.4% .%.Coefficente yumurongo ≥ 0.9999, imipaka yo gutahura 1.2 µg / L na 0.9 µg / L.Gutandukana bisanzwe byari 0.27-4.86% na 0.33-5.39%, naho gukira byari 93.7-107.0% na 94.4-101.7%.Mugihe cyinshi cya anionic surfactants na ammonia azote 10 ~ 1000 μg / l.Coefficient ijyanye n'umurongo yari 0.9995 na 0.9999, imipaka yo gutahura yari 10.7 µg / l na 7.3 µg / l.Nta tandukanyirizo ry’imibare ryagereranijwe ugereranije nuburyo busanzwe bwigihugu.Uburyo bukiza igihe n'imbaraga, bufite imipaka yo gutahura hasi, ubunyangamugayo buhanitse kandi bwuzuye, ntibwanduye, kandi birakwiriye cyane kubisesengura no kugena urugero runini rw'icyitegererezo.
Fenolike ihindagurika, cyanide, surfactants ya anionic na azote ya ammonium1 ni ibimenyetso byerekana ibintu bya organoleptic, physique na metalloide mumazi yo kunywa.Ibikoresho bya fenolike nibyingenzi byubaka imiti ikoreshwa cyane, ariko fenol na homologues nayo ni uburozi kandi biragoye kubinyabuzima.Zisohoka mugihe cyinganda nyinshi kandi zahindutse ibidukikije byangiza ibidukikije2,3.Ibintu bifite ubumara bukabije bwa fenolike birashobora kwinjizwa mu mubiri binyuze mu ruhu no mu myanya y'ubuhumekero.Benshi muribo batakaza uburozi bwabo mugihe cyo kwangiza nyuma yo kwinjira mumubiri wumuntu, hanyuma bagasohoka mu nkari.Ariko, mugihe ubushobozi busanzwe bwo kwangiza umubiri burenze, ibice birenze birashobora kwiyegeranya mubice bitandukanye nuduce, bigatera uburozi budakira, kubabara umutwe, guhubuka, kurwara uruhu, guhangayika mumutwe, kubura amaraso, nibimenyetso bitandukanye byubwonko 4, 5, 6,7.Cyanide irangiza cyane, ariko ikwirakwira muri kamere.Ibiribwa n'ibimera byinshi birimo cyanide, ishobora gukorwa na bagiteri zimwe na zimwe, ibihumyo cyangwa algae8,9.Mu bicuruzwa byogejwe nka shampo no koza umubiri, surfactants ya anionic ikoreshwa muguhuza isuku kuko itanga ibyo bicuruzwa nubwiza buhebuje bwuruhu nifuro abakiriya bashaka.Nyamara, surfactants nyinshi zirashobora kurakaza uruhu10,11.Amazi yo kunywa, amazi yo mu butaka, amazi yo hejuru n’amazi y’amazi arimo azote mu buryo bwa ammonia yubusa (NH3) n’umunyu wa amonium (NH4 +), uzwi ku izina rya azote ya ammoniacal (NH3-N).Ibicuruzwa byangirika birimo azote irimo ibintu ngengabuzima mu mazi y’amazi yo mu ngo na mikorobe ikomoka ahanini mu mazi y’inganda nka kokiya na ammonia synthique, bigize igice cya azote ya amoniac mu mazi12,13,14.Uburyo bwinshi, burimo spekitifotometrie 15,16,17, chromatografiya 18,19,20,21 hamwe no gutera inshinge 15,22,23,24 birashobora gukoreshwa mugupima ibyo byanduye bine mumazi.Ugereranije nubundi buryo, spectrophotometrie niyo ikunzwe cyane1.Ubu bushakashatsi bwakoresheje uburyo bune bw'imiyoboro ibiri kugira ngo dusuzume icyarimwe fenolike ihindagurika, cyanide, surfactants ya anionic, na sulfide.
Hasesenguwe isesengura rya AA500 (SEAL, Ubudage), uburinganire bwa elegitoronike SL252 (Uruganda rukora ibikoresho bya elegitoroniki bya Shanghai Mingqiao, mu Bushinwa), hamwe na metero y’amazi ya ultrapure ya Milli-Q (Merck Millipore, Amerika).Imiti yose yakoreshejwe muriki gikorwa yari murwego rwo gusesengura, kandi amazi ya deionion yakoreshejwe mubushakashatsi bwose.Acide Hydrochloric, aside sulfurike, aside fosifori, aside boric, chloroform, etanol, sodium tetraborate, acide isonicotinic na 4-aminoantipyrine yaguzwe muri Sinopharm Chemical Reagent Co., Ltd. (Ubushinwa).Triton X-100, hydroxide ya sodium na potasiyumu chloride yaguzwe mu ruganda rwa Tianjin Damao Chemical Reagent (Ubushinwa).Potasiyumu ferricyanide, nitroprusside ya sodium, sodium salicylate na N, N-dimethylformamide yatanzwe na Tianjin Tianli Chemical Reagent Co., Ltd. (Ubushinwa).Potasiyumu dihydrogen fosifate, disodium hydrogen fosifate, pyrazolone na methylene trihydrate yaguzwe muri Tianjin Kemiou Chemical Reagent Co., Ltd. (Ubushinwa).Trisodium citrate dihydrate, polyoxyethylene lauryl ether na sodium dichloroisocyanurate yaguzwe muri Shanghai Aladdin Biochemical Technology Co., Ltd. (Ubushinwa).Ibisubizo bisanzwe bya fenoline ihindagurika, cyanide, surfactants ya anionic, na azote yo mu mazi ya azote yaguzwe mu kigo cy’Ubushinwa cya Metrology.
Disillation Reagent: Koresha ml 160 ya acide fosifori kugeza kuri ml 1000 hamwe namazi ya deioni.Buffer yabigenewe: Gupima 9 g ya acide ya boric, 5 g ya hydroxide ya sodium na g 10 ya chloride ya potasiyumu hanyuma ukayungurura kugeza kuri ml 1000 hamwe namazi ya deioni.Absorption Reagent (ivugururwa buri cyumweru): Gupima neza ml 200 ya buffer yibigega, ongeramo ml 1 50% Triton X-100 (v / v, Triton X-100 / Ethanol) hanyuma ukoreshe nyuma yo kuyungurura ukoresheje 0.45 µm muyunguruzi.Potasiyumu ferricyanide (ivugururwa buri cyumweru): Gupima 0,15 g ya potasiyumu ferricyanide hanyuma ukayishonga muri ml 200 ya bffer yabigenewe, ongeramo ml 1 ya 50% Triton X-100, uyungurure unyuze kuri 0.45 µm muyunguruzi mbere yo kuyikoresha.4-Aminoantipyrine (ivugururwa buri cyumweru): Gupima 0.2 g ya 4-aminoantipyrine hanyuma ugashonga muri ml 200 ya bffer stock, ongeramo ml 1 ya 50% Triton X-100, uyungurure unyuze muri 0.45 µm muyunguruzi.
Reagent for distillation: volatile phenol.Umuti wa Buffer: Gupima potasiyumu 3 g dihydrogen fosifate, 15 g disodium hydrogène fosifate na 3 g trisodium citrate dihydrate hanyuma ukayungurura kugeza kuri ml 1000 hamwe namazi ya deioni.Noneho shyiramo ml 2 ya 50% Triton X-100.Chloramine T: Gupima 0,2 g ya chloramine T hanyuma ukayungurura kugeza kuri ml 200 n'amazi ya deioni.Chromogenic reagent: Chromogenic reagent A: Shonga burundu 1.5 g ya pyrazolone muri ml 20 ya N, N-dimethylformamide.Iterambere B: Kuramo g 3,5 g ya acide ya hisonicotinike na ml 6 ya 5 M NaOH muri ml 100 y'amazi ya deioni.Kuvanga Iterambere A hamwe nuwitezimbere B mbere yo gukoresha, hindura pH kuri 7.0 hamwe nigisubizo cya NaOH cyangwa igisubizo cya HCl, hanyuma ushyire kuri ml 200 hamwe namazi ya deionion hanyuma uyungurure kugirango ukoreshwe nyuma.
Igisubizo cya buffer: Kuramo tetraborate ya sodium 10 g na hydroxide ya sodium 2 g mumazi ya deioni hanyuma ukayungurura kugeza kuri ml 1000.0,025% umuti wa methylene wubururu: Kuramo 0,05 g ya methylene yubururu trihydrate mumazi ya deionised hanyuma ukagera kuri ml 200.Methylene yubururu bwububiko (buvugururwa burimunsi): koresha ml 20 ya 0,025% ya methylene yubururu kuri ml 100 hamwe na buffer.Kwimura umuyoboro utandukanya, kwoza hamwe na ml 20 ya chloroform, ujugunye chloroform yakoreshejwe hanyuma ukarabe hamwe na chloroform nshya kugeza ibara ritukura ryurwego rwa chloroform ruzimiye (mubisanzwe inshuro 3), hanyuma ukayungurura.Shingiro Methylene Ubururu: Koresha ml 60 zungurujwe methylene yubururu bwububiko kuri 200 ml yumuti wibigega, ongeramo ml 20 etanol, vanga neza na degas.Acide methylene yubururu: Ongeramo ml 2 yumuti wubururu wa methylene 0,025% hafi ya miriyoni 150 zamazi ya deionion, ongeramo ml 1.0 ya 1% H2SO4 hanyuma ushire kuri ml 200 hamwe namazi ya deioni.Noneho shyiramo ml 80 ya Ethanol, vanga neza na degas.
20% polyoxyethylene lauryl ether igisubizo: Gupima g 20 za polyoxyethylene lauryl ether hanyuma ukayungurura kugeza kuri ml 1000 hamwe namazi ya deioni.Buffer: Gupima g 20 ya citrate ya trisodium, kuyungurura kugeza kuri ml 500 hamwe namazi ya deionion hanyuma ukongeramo ml 1.0 ya 20% polyoxyethylene lauryl ether.Sodium salicylate yumuti (ivugururwa buri cyumweru): Gupima 20 g ya sodium salicylate na 0,5 g ya potasiyumu ferricyanide nitrite hanyuma ugashonga muri ml 500 y'amazi ya deioni.Sodium dichloroisocyanurate igisubizo (kivugururwa buri cyumweru): Gupima g 10 ya hydroxide ya sodium na 1.5 g ya sodium dichloroisocyanurate hanyuma ubishongeshe muri ml 500 y'amazi ya deioni.
Ibipimo bya fenoline na cyanide byateguwe nkibisubizo bya 0 µg / l, 2 µg / l, 5 µg / l, 10 µg / l, 25 µg / l, 50 µg / l, 75 µg / l na 100 µg / l, ukoresheje 0.01 M sodium hydroxide igisubizo.Igipimo cya anionic surfactant na ammonia azote yateguwe hifashishijwe amazi ya deionised 0 µg / L, 10 µg / L, 50 µg / L, 100 µg / L, 250 µg / L, 500 µg / L, 750 µg / L na 1000 mcg / l .igisubizo.
Tangira ikigega cyogukonjesha, hanyuma (muburyo) fungura mudasobwa, sampler nimbaraga kuri host ya AA500, urebe ko imiyoboro ihujwe neza, shyiramo umuyaga wumuyaga mumashanyarazi, funga icyapa cyumuvuduko wa pompe ya peristaltike, shyira imiyoboro ya reagent mumazi meza hagati.Koresha software, koresha idirishya ryumuyoboro uhuye hanyuma urebe niba imiyoboro ihuza ihujwe neza kandi niba hari icyuho cyangwa imyuka ihumeka.Niba nta kumeneka, shaka reagent ikwiye.Nyuma yumurongo wibanze wumuyoboro wamadirishya uhagaze neza, hitamo kandi ukore dosiye yuburyo bwateganijwe bwo kuvumbura no gusesengura.Imiterere y'ibikoresho irerekanwa mu mbonerahamwe ya 1.
Muri ubu buryo bwikora kugirango hamenyekane fenol na cyanide, ingero zabanje gutoborwa kuri 145 ° C.Fenol muri distillate noneho ifata hamwe na ferricyanide yibanze na 4-aminoantipyrine kugirango ikore urwego rutukura, ipimwa amabara kuri 505 nm.Cyanide muri distillate noneho ikora hamwe na chloramine T ikora cyanochloride, ikora urwego rwubururu hamwe na aside pyridinecarboxylic, ipimwa ibara kuri 630 nm.Anionic surfactants ikora hamwe nubururu bwa methylene yubururu kugirango ikore ibice bivangwa na chloroform kandi bitandukanijwe nicyiciro gitandukanya.Icyiciro cya chloroform cyogejwe hamwe nubururu bwa methylene yubururu kugirango ikureho ibintu byangirika hanyuma byongera gutandukana mugice cya kabiri gitandukanya.Kugena amabara yubururu muri chloroform kuri 660 nm.Hashingiwe ku myitwarire ya Berthelot, ammonia ifata salicylate na chlorine muri acide ya dichloroisocyanuric mu buryo bwa alkaline kuri 37 ° C kugira ubururu bwa indofenol.Sodium nitroprusside yakoreshejwe nk'umusemburo wa reaction, kandi ibara ryavuyemo ryapimwe kuri 660 nm.Ihame ryubu buryo ryerekanwe ku gishushanyo 1.
Igishushanyo mbonera cyuburyo bukomeza bwo gutoranya kugirango hamenyekane fenolike ihindagurika, cyanide, surfactants ya anionic na azote ammoniacal.
Ubwinshi bwa fenolike ihindagurika na cyanide yari hagati ya 2 na 100 µg / l, coeffisente ihuza umurongo 1.000, ikigereranyo cyo gusubira inyuma y = (3.888331E + 005) x + (9.938599E + 003).Coefficient ya cyanide ni 1.000 naho kugereranya kugaruka ni y = (3.551656E + 005) x + (9.951319E + 003).Anionic surfactant ifite umurongo mwiza ushingiye kumurongo wa azote ya amoniya iri hagati ya 10-1000 µg / L.Coefficient zifitanye isano na anionic surfactants na azote ya amoniya yari 0,9995 na 0.9999.Ingano yo kwisubiraho: y = (2.181170E + 004) x + (1.144847E + 004) na y = (2.375085E + 004) x + (9.631056E + 003).Icyitegererezo cyo kugenzura cyakomeje gupimwa inshuro 11, kandi imipaka yo gutahura uburyo yagabanijwe no gutandukana 3 bisanzwe byerekana urugero rwigenzura kumurongo wumugongo usanzwe.Imipaka yo kumenya fenolike ihindagurika, cyanide, surfactants ya anionic, na azote ya amoniya yari 1,2 µg / l, 0.9 µg / l, 10.7 µg / l, na 7.3 µg / l.Umupaka wo gutahura uri munsi yuburyo busanzwe bwigihugu, reba Imbonerahamwe 2 kugirango ubone ibisobanuro.
Ongeraho ibisubizo birebire, biciriritse, nibisanzwe kubisubizo byamazi adafite ibimenyetso bya analyite.Kwakira no kumunsi gukira no kwizerwa byabazwe nyuma y'ibipimo birindwi bikurikiranye.Nkuko bigaragara mu mbonerahamwe ya 3, gukuramo fenoline yumunsi nu munsi ni 98.0-103,6% na 96.2-102.0%, hamwe no gutandukana kwa 0,75-2.80% na 1. 27-6.10%.Kwiyongera kwa cyanide kumunsi no hagati ya 101.0-102.0% na 96.0-102.4%, naho gutandukana bisanzwe byari 0.36-2.26% na 2.36-5.41%.Byongeye kandi, kuvoma ku munsi no ku manywa bya anionic surfactants byari 94.3-107.0% na 93.7-101,6%, hamwe no gutandukana kwa 0.27–0.96% na 4.44–4.86%.Hanyuma, azote ya ammonia hagati yumunsi no hagati ya 98.0-101.7% na 94.4-97.8%, hamwe no gutandukana kwa 0.33–3.13% na 4.45-5.39%.nkuko bigaragara mu mbonerahamwe ya 3.
Uburyo butandukanye bwo kwipimisha, harimo spekitifotometometrie 15,16,17 na chromatografiya 25,26, birashobora gukoreshwa mugupima imyanda ine mumazi.Imiti ya spropropotometometrie ni uburyo bushya bwakozweho ubushakashatsi bwo kumenya ibyo bihumanya, bisabwa n’ibipimo by’igihugu 27, 28, 29, 30, 31. Bisaba intambwe nko gutobora no kubikuramo, bikavamo inzira ndende idafite sensibilité idahagije kandi yuzuye.Nibyiza, bibi.Ikoreshwa ryinshi ryimiti kama irashobora kwangiza ubuzima kubashakashatsi.Nubwo chromatografi yihuta, yoroshye, ikora neza, kandi ifite imipaka mike yo gutahura, ntishobora kumenya ibice bine icyarimwe.Nyamara, imiterere idahwitse ikoreshwa muburyo bwo gusesengura imiti hifashishijwe uburyo bwo gukomeza gutembera kwa spekitifotometrie, ishingiye ku guhora kwa gazi mu gihe cyo gutembera hagati y’icyitegererezo cy’icyitegererezo, ukongeraho reagent mu mibare ikwiye no mu gihe gikwiye mu gihe cyo kuzuza ibisubizo binyuze mu kuvanga no kuyimenya muri spekitifotometero, mbere ikuraho umwuka mwinshi.Kuberako uburyo bwo kuvumbura bwikora, ingero ziratandukanijwe kandi zigasubizwa kumurongo mubidukikije bifunze.Uburyo butezimbere cyane imikorere yakazi, bikagabanya igihe cyo gutahura, koroshya ibikorwa, kugabanya kwanduza reagent, kongera ibyiyumvo no kumenya uburyo.
Anionic surfactant na azote ya ammonia yashyizwe mubicuruzwa bipimishije hamwe hamwe na 250 µg / L.Koresha ibintu bisanzwe kugirango uhindure fenol ihindagurika hamwe na cyanide kubintu bipimisha kuri 10 µg / L.Kubisesengura no gutahura, uburyo busanzwe bwigihugu nuburyo bwakoreshejwe (ubushakashatsi 6 bubangikanye).Ibisubizo byuburyo bubiri byagereranijwe ukoresheje t-test yigenga.Nkuko bigaragara mu mbonerahamwe ya 4, nta tandukaniro rikomeye ryari hagati yuburyo bubiri (P> 0.05).
Ubu bushakashatsi bwakoresheje isesengura rihoraho ryisesengura icyarimwe no kumenya icyarimwe fenolike ihindagurika, cyanide, surfactants ya anionic na azote ya amoniya.Ibisubizo byikizamini byerekana ko urugero rwicyitegererezo rwakoreshejwe nisesengura ryikurikiranya ruri munsi yuburyo busanzwe bwigihugu.Ifite kandi imipaka yo gutahura, ikoresha 80% reagent nkeya, isaba igihe gito cyo gutunganya kuburugero rwihariye, kandi ikoresha chloroform ya kanseri nkeya.Gutunganya kumurongo byahujwe kandi byikora.Imigezi ikomeza ihita yifuza reagent hamwe nicyitegererezo, hanyuma ikavanga binyuze mukuvanga uruziga, ihita ishyushya, ikuramo kandi ibara hamwe na colorimetry.Inzira yubushakashatsi ikorerwa muri sisitemu ifunze, yihutisha igihe cyo gusesengura, igabanya umwanda w’ibidukikije, kandi ifasha kurinda umutekano w’abashakashatsi.Intambwe igoye yo gukora nko gutobora intoki no kuyikuramo ntibikenewe22,32.Nyamara, kuvuza ibikoresho nibikoresho biragoye, kandi ibisubizo byikizamini biterwa nibintu byinshi bishobora gutera byoroshye guhungabana kwa sisitemu.Hariho intambwe nyinshi zingenzi ushobora gutera kugirango utezimbere ibisubizo byawe kandi wirinde kwivanga mubigeragezo byawe.(1) Agaciro pH k'igisubizo kagomba kwitabwaho mugihe hagenwe fenolike ihindagurika na cyanide.PH igomba kuba hafi 2 mbere yuko yinjira muri coil ya distillation.Kuri pH> 3, amine aromatic nayo irashobora gutandukanwa, kandi reaction hamwe na 4-aminoantipyrine irashobora gutanga amakosa.No kuri pH> 2.5, kugarura K3 [Fe (CN) 6] bizaba munsi ya 90%.Ingero zirimo umunyu urenze 10 g / l zirashobora gufunga coil ya distillation kandi bigatera ibibazo.Muri iki gihe, amazi meza agomba kongerwamo kugirango agabanye umunyu wintangarugero33..Ibisubizo birashobora kandi kubogama imbere ya: acide ya humic irenze 20 mg / l;ibice hamwe nibikorwa byo hejuru (urugero: izindi surfactants)> 50 mg / l;ibintu bifite ubushobozi bukomeye bwo kugabanya (SO32-, S2O32- na OCl-);ibintu bigize molekile y'amabara, bigashonga muri chloroform hamwe na reagent iyo ari yo yose;anion zimwe na zimwe (chloride, bromide na nitrate) mumazi mabi 34,35..Kwivanga birashobora kubaho mugihe pH yimvange ya reaction iri munsi ya 12.6 nyuma y ibisubizo byose bya reagent byongeweho.Urugero rwinshi rwa acide na buffer bikunda gutera ibi.Iyoni z'ibyuma zigwa nka hydroxide yibanda cyane birashobora kandi gutuma habaho imyororokere mibi 36,37.
Ibisubizo byerekanye ko uburyo bukomeza bwo gusesengura imigezi kugirango hamenyekane icyarimwe fenoline ihindagurika, cyanide, surfactants ya anionic na azote ya amoniya mumazi yo kunywa bifite umurongo mwiza, imipaka mike, kumenya neza no gukira.Nta tandukaniro rikomeye nuburyo busanzwe bwigihugu.Ubu buryo butanga uburyo bwihuse, bworoshye, bwuzuye kandi bworoshye-gukoresha uburyo bwo gusesengura no kugena umubare munini w’amazi.Birakwiriye cyane cyane kumenya ibice bine icyarimwe, kandi imikorere yo gutahura iratera imbere cyane.
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Igihe cyo kohereza: Gashyantare-22-2023