Buri protokole yikizamini (Brinell, Rockwell, Vickers) ifite inzira zihariye kubintu biri munsi yikizamini.

Buri protokole yikizamini (Brinell, Rockwell, Vickers) ifite inzira zihariye kubintu biri munsi yikizamini.T-test ya Rockwell ni ingirakamaro mugupima imiyoboro yoroheje ikikijwe no guca umuyoboro muremure no kugenzura urukuta rw'umuyoboro na diameter y'imbere aho kuba diameter yo hanze.
Gutumiza imiyoboro ni nko kujya gucuruza imodoka no gutumiza imodoka cyangwa ikamyo.Hano hari byinshi byamahitamo aboneka yemerera abaguzi gutunganya imodoka muburyo butandukanye - imbere imbere ninyuma, amabara yimyenda, uburyo bwo gutunganya hanze, guhitamo powertrain, hamwe na sisitemu yamajwi isa neza na sisitemu yimyidagaduro yo murugo.Hamwe naya mahitamo yose, birashoboka ko utazahazwa nimodoka isanzwe idafite frill.
Ibi bireba imiyoboro yicyuma.Ifite ibihumbi byinshi byo guhitamo cyangwa ibisobanuro.Usibye ibipimo, ibisobanuro bivuga imiterere yimiti nibintu byinshi byubukanishi nkimbaraga nke zumusaruro (MYS), imbaraga zidasanzwe (UTS), hamwe no kurambura byibuze kunanirwa.Nyamara, benshi mu nganda - abajenjeri, abashinzwe kugura, n’abakora - bakoresha imvugo ngufi y’inganda bagahamagara imiyoboro yoroshye yo gusudira kandi bagashyiraho urutonde rumwe rukaranga: gukomera.
Gerageza gutumiza imodoka ukurikije kimwe kiranga (“Nkeneye imodoka ifite moteri ikomatanya”), hamwe nugurisha ntuzagera kure.Agomba kuzuza urupapuro rufite amahitamo menshi.Nibibaho kumiyoboro yicyuma: kugirango ubone umuyoboro ubereye porogaramu, uwukora imiyoboro akenera amakuru menshi kuruta gukomera.
Nigute gukomera byahindutse umusimbura wemewe kubindi bikoresho bya mashini?Birashoboka ko byatangiranye nabakora imiyoboro.Kuberako igeragezwa rikomeye ryihuta, ryoroshye, kandi risaba ibikoresho bidahenze ugereranije, abagurisha imiyoboro bakunze gukoresha igerageza ryo kugereranya ubwoko bubiri bwimiyoboro.Ibyo bakeneye byose kugirango bakore ikizamini gikomeye ni igice cyoroshye cya pipe hamwe nikizamini.
Gukomera kw'imiyoboro bifitanye isano rya hafi na UTS kandi itegeko ry'intoki (ijanisha cyangwa ijanisha ry'ijanisha) ni ingirakamaro mu kugereranya MYS, bityo rero biroroshye kubona uburyo igeragezwa rikomeye rishobora kuba proksi ikwiye kubindi bintu.
Byongeye, ibindi bizamini biragoye.Mugihe ibizamini byo gukomera bitwara umunota umwe gusa kumashini imwe, ibizamini bya MYS, UTS hamwe no kuramba bisaba gutegura icyitegererezo hamwe nishoramari rikomeye mubikoresho binini bya laboratoire.Mugereranije, umuyobozi wuruganda arangiza ikizamini cyo gukomera mumasegonda, mugihe umuhanga mubyuma metallurgiste akora ikizamini cyingutu mumasaha make.Gukora ikizamini gikomeye ntabwo bigoye.
Ibi ntibisobanura ko abakora imiyoboro yubuhanga badakoresha ibizamini bikomeye.Ni byiza kuvuga ko benshi babikora, ariko kubera ko basuzuma ibikoresho bisubirwamo kandi byororoka mubikoresho byose byikizamini, bazi neza aho ikizamini kigarukira.Benshi muribo barayikoresha kugirango basuzume ubukana bwigice nkigice cyo gukora, ariko ntibagikoresha kugirango bagereranye imiterere yigituba.Ni ikizamini gusa.
Kuki nkeneye kumenya MYS, UTS no kuramba byibuze?Berekana imikorere yinteko ya tube.
MYS nimbaraga ntoya itera guhindura ibintu burundu.Niba ugerageje kunama gato igice kigororotse (nka hanger) hanyuma ukarekura igitutu, kimwe mubintu bibiri kizabaho: kizasubira muburyo bwacyo (kigororotse) cyangwa kigume cyunamye.Niba bikigororotse, nturarenga MYS yanjye.Niba bikigoramye, wabuze.
Noneho fata impande zombi z'insinga hamwe na pliers.Niba ushobora kumena insinga mo kabiri, wakoze kurenza UTS.Urayikurura cyane kandi ufite ibice bibiri byinsinga kugirango werekane imbaraga zawe zidasanzwe.Niba uburebure bwumwimerere bwinsinga bwari santimetero 5, nuburebure bubiri nyuma yo kunanirwa hiyongeraho santimetero 6, insinga izarambura santimetero 1, cyangwa 20%.Ibizamini bya tensile byukuri bipimirwa muri santimetero 2 z'ikiruhuko, ariko uko byagenda kose - igitekerezo cyo guhagarika umurongo cyerekana UTS.
Ingero za micrografi yicyuma zigomba gutemwa, gusukwa, no gushyirwaho umuti wa acide nkeya (ubusanzwe aside nitric na alcool) kugirango ingano zigaragare.Gukuza 100x bikunze gukoreshwa mugusuzuma ingano zicyuma no kumenya ubunini bwazo.
Gukomera ni ikizamini cyukuntu ibintu byifata ingaruka.Tekereza ko uburebure buke bwigituba bushyirwa muburyo bufite urwasaya rukaranze hanyuma ukanyeganyezwa kugirango ufunge vise.Usibye guhuza umuyoboro, urwasaya rwa vise rusiga igikumu hejuru yumuyoboro.
Nuburyo ikizamini cyo gukomera gikora, ariko ntabwo gikabije.Ikizamini gifite ingano yingaruka zagenzuwe nigitutu kigenzurwa.Izi mbaraga zihindura ubuso, zikora indentations cyangwa indentations.Ingano cyangwa ubujyakuzimu bw'amenyo bigena ubukana bw'icyuma.
Iyo usuzumye ibyuma, Brinell, Vickers hamwe na Rockwell igerageza rikoreshwa.Buri kimwe gifite igipimo cyacyo, kandi bimwe muribi bifite uburyo bwinshi bwo gupima nka Rockwell A, B, C, nibindi. Ku miyoboro yicyuma, ibisobanuro bya ASTM A513 bivuga ikizamini cya Rockwell B (mu magambo ahinnye yitwa HRB cyangwa RB).Ikizamini cya Rockwell B gipima itandukaniro ryimbaraga zinjira mumupira wicyuma cya diametero 1⁄16 mubyuma hagati yicyuma cyoroshye nu mutwaro wibanze wa kg 100.Ibisubizo bisanzwe mubyuma byoroheje ni HRB 60.
Ibikoresho abahanga bazi ko gukomera bifitanye isano na UTS.Kubwibyo, gukomera gutangwa guhanura UTS.Mu buryo nk'ubwo, uwakoze imiyoboro azi ko MYS na UTS bifitanye isano.Ku miyoboro isudira, MYS mubisanzwe 70% kugeza 85% UTS.Umubare nyawo uterwa nuburyo bwo gukora imiyoboro.Ubukomezi bwa HRB 60 buhuye na UTS 60.000 pound kuri santimetero kare (PSI) na MYS hafi 80%, ni 48.000 PSI.
Imiyoboro ikunze kugaragara kubikorwa rusange ni ubukana ntarengwa.Usibye ubunini, abajenjeri bashishikajwe no kwerekana imiyoboro irwanya (ERW) irwanya imiyoboro ikora neza, ishobora kuvamo gushushanya igice hamwe n’uburemere bushoboka bwa HRB 60. Iki cyemezo cyonyine kivamo imitungo myinshi yanyuma, harimo gukomera ubwabyo.
Ubwa mbere, ubukana bwa HRB 60 ntabwo butubwira byinshi.Gusoma HRB 60 numubare utagira urugero.Ibikoresho byapimwe kuri HRB 59 biroroshye kuruta ibizamini kuri HRB 60, naho HRB 61 birakomeye kuruta HRB 60, ariko bingana iki?Ntishobora kubarwa nkubunini (bupimwa muri décibel), torque (ipimirwa muri pound-metero), umuvuduko (upimye intera nigihe), cyangwa UTS (bipimirwa pound kuri santimetero kare).Gusoma HRB 60 ntacyo bitubwira.Nibintu bifatika, ntabwo ari ibintu bifatika.Icya kabiri, kugena ubukana ubwabyo ntibikwiranye neza kugirango bisubirwemo cyangwa byororoke.Isuzumabumenyi ryibibanza bibiri kurugero, nubwo ibizamini byakorewe hamwe, akenshi bivamo gusoma cyane.Imiterere y'ibizamini byongera iki kibazo.Nyuma yumwanya umwe wo gupima, igipimo cya kabiri ntigishobora gufatwa kugirango ugenzure ibisubizo.Gusubiramo ibizamini ntibishoboka.
Ibi ntibisobanura ko gupima ubukana bitoroshye.Mubyukuri, ubu ni ubuyobozi bwiza kubintu bya UTS, kandi ni ikizamini cyihuse kandi cyoroshye.Nyamara, umuntu wese ugira uruhare mubisobanuro, gutanga amasoko, no gukora imiyoboro igomba kumenya aho igarukira nkibipimo byikizamini.
Kubera ko umuyoboro "usanzwe" udasobanuwe neza, abakora imiyoboro mubisanzwe barayigabanya kugeza kubwoko bubiri bukoreshwa cyane mubyuma na pipe nkuko byasobanuwe muri ASTM A513: 1008 na 1010 mugihe bibaye ngombwa.Ndetse nyuma yo gukuramo ubundi bwoko bwimiyoboro yose, ibishoboka kumiterere yubukanishi bwubwoko bubiri bwimiyoboro ikomeza gufungura.Mubyukuri, ubu bwoko bwimiyoboro bufite intera nini yimiterere yubwoko bwose bwimiyoboro.
Kurugero, umuyoboro ufatwa nkuworoshye niba MYS ari muke kandi kuramba ni muremure, bivuze ko ikora neza mubijyanye no kurambura, guhindagurika, no guhindagurika burundu kuruta umuyoboro wasobanuwe nkuwakomeye, ufite MYS ugereranije kandi muremure ugereranije. ..Ibi birasa no gutandukanya insinga zoroshye ninsinga zikomeye nkimanika imyenda na myitozo.
Kurambura ubwabyo ni ikindi kintu kigira ingaruka zikomeye kubikorwa bikomeye.Imiyoboro miremire irashobora kwihanganira kurambura;ibikoresho byo kurambura bike biroroshye cyane bityo bikunda guhura numunaniro ukabije.Ariko, kurambura ntabwo bifitanye isano itaziguye na UTS, niyo mutungo wonyine wubukanishi ujyanye no gukomera.
Kuki imiyoboro itandukana cyane mumiterere yubukanishi bwabo?Ubwa mbere, imiterere yimiti iratandukanye.Icyuma nigisubizo gikomeye cyicyuma na karubone, kimwe nibindi byingenzi bivangwa.Kubworoshye, tuzakora gusa nijanisha rya karubone.Atome ya karubone isimbuza amwe muri atome yicyuma, ikora imiterere ya kristaline yicyuma.ASTM 1008 nicyiciro cyibanze cyuzuye hamwe na karubone kuva 0% kugeza 0.10%.Zeru numubare udasanzwe utanga ibintu byihariye kuri ultra-low carbone yibyuma.ASTM 1010 isobanura ibirimo karubone kuva 0.08% kugeza 0.13%.Itandukaniro ntirisa nini, ariko rirahagije kugirango habeho itandukaniro rinini ahandi.
Icya kabiri, imiyoboro yicyuma irashobora gukorwa cyangwa gukorwa hanyuma igatunganyirizwa mubikorwa birindwi bitandukanye.ASTM A513 kubyerekeranye no gukora imiyoboro ya ERW urutonde rwubwoko burindwi:
Niba imiti igizwe nicyuma nicyiciro cyo gukora imiyoboro idahindura ubukana bwibyuma, ubwo niki?Igisubizo cyiki kibazo gisobanura kwiga witonze.Iki kibazo kiganisha ku bindi bibazo bibiri: ni ubuhe buryo burambuye kandi buri hafi?
Ibisobanuro birambuye kubyerekeye ibinyampeke bigize ibyuma nigisubizo cyambere.Iyo ibyuma bikozwe mu ruganda rwibanze, ntirukonja mubwinshi bunini hamwe numutungo umwe.Mugihe ibyuma bikonje, molekile zayo zikora uburyo bwo gusubiramo (kristu), bisa nuburyo urubura ruba.Nyuma yo gushiraho kristu, zahujwe mumatsinda yitwa ibinyampeke.Nkuko ibinyampeke bikonje, birakura, bigakora urupapuro cyangwa isahani yose.Imikurire yintete irahagarara mugihe molekile yanyuma yicyuma yakiriwe nintete.Ibi byose bibaho kurwego rwa microscopique, hamwe nicyuma giciriritse cyicyuma kingana na micron 64 cyangwa santimetero 0.0025.Mugihe buri ngano isa niyindi, ntabwo arimwe.Bitandukanye gato hagati yubunini, icyerekezo, nibirimo karubone.Imigaragarire hagati yintete yitwa imbibi zintete.Iyo ibyuma binaniwe, kurugero kubera umunaniro ukabije, bikunda kunanirwa kumupaka wingano.
Ni bangahe ugomba kureba kugirango ubone ibice bitandukanye?Gukuza inshuro 100 cyangwa inshuro 100 ubushishozi bwamaso yumuntu burahagije.Ariko, kureba gusa ibyuma bibisi kugeza kumbaraga 100 ntabwo bikora cyane.Ingero zitegurwa no guhanagura icyitegererezo no gutobora hejuru ya aside, mubisanzwe aside nitric na alcool, ibyo bita nitric acide.
Nibinyampeke na lattike yimbere nibyo byerekana imbaraga zingaruka, MYS, UTS, hamwe no kurambura ibyuma bishobora kwihanganira mbere yo gutsindwa.
Intambwe zo gukora ibyuma nkibishyushye nubukonje buringaniza kwimura ingano;niba bahora bahindura imiterere, ibi bivuze ko guhangayika byahinduye ibinyampeke.Izindi ntambwe zo gutunganya nko guhinduranya ibyuma muri coil, utabishaka no kunyura mu ruganda (gukora umuyoboro nubunini) bihindura ibinyampeke.Igishushanyo gikonje cyumuyoboro kuri mandel nacyo gishimangira ibikoresho, kimwe nintambwe yo gukora nko kurangiza no kunama.Impinduka mumiterere yintete yitwa dislocations.
Intambwe zavuzwe haruguru zigabanya guhindagurika kwicyuma, ubushobozi bwacyo bwo guhangana ningutu (kurira).Ibyuma bicika intege, bivuze ko bishoboka cyane gucika niba ukomeje gukorana nicyuma.Kurambura nikintu kimwe cya plastike (compressible nibindi).Ni ngombwa kumva hano ko gutsindwa bikunze kugaragara mubibazo, kandi bitari muri compression.Ibyuma birwanya rwose guhangayika bitewe nuburebure buringaniye.Ariko, ibyuma birahinduka byoroshye mugihe cyo guhangayika - biroroshye - ni akarusho.
Gereranya ibi na beto, ifite imbaraga zo gukomeretsa cyane ariko ihindagurika rito.Iyi mitungo ihabanye nicyuma.Niyo mpamvu beto ikoreshwa mumihanda, inyubako ninzira nyabagendwa ikomeza gushimangirwa.Igisubizo nigicuruzwa gifite imbaraga zibikoresho byombi: ibyuma birakomeye mubitotsi kandi beto irakomeye mugusenya.
Mugihe cyo gukomera, ihindagurika ryibyuma rigabanuka, kandi ubukana bwayo bwiyongera.Muyandi magambo, birakomera.Ukurikije uko ibintu bimeze, ibi birashobora kuba akarusho, ariko birashobora no kuba bibi, kuko gukomera bihwanye n'ubugome.Nukuvuga ko, ibyuma bikomeye, niko bigenda byoroha kandi birashoboka cyane ko byananirana.
Muyandi magambo, buri ntambwe yimikorere isaba guhindagurika.Nkuko igice gitunganijwe, kiba kiremereye, kandi niba kiremereye cyane, noneho mubisanzwe ntacyo bimaze.Gukomera ni ubugoryi, kandi imiyoboro yoroheje ikunda kunanirwa mugihe cyo kuyikoresha.
Uruganda rufite amahitamo muriki kibazo?Muri make, yego.Ihitamo ni annealing, kandi mugihe atari amarozi neza, ni nkubumaji bushoboka.
Mumagambo yoroshye, annealing ikuraho ingaruka zose zingaruka zumubiri kubutare.Mubikorwa, icyuma gishyuha kugirango bigabanye impagarara cyangwa ubushyuhe bwo kongera gukora, bikavamo gukuraho dislokasiyo.Rero, inzira igice cyangwa igarura rwose guhindagurika, bitewe nubushyuhe bwihariye nigihe cyakoreshejwe mugikorwa cya annealing.
Gukonjesha hamwe no gukonjesha biteza imbere gukura kw'ingano.Ibi nibyiza niba intego ari ukugabanya ubukana bwibintu, ariko imikurire yintete itagenzuwe irashobora koroshya ibyuma cyane, bigatuma idakoreshwa mubyo yagenewe.Guhagarika inzira ya annealing nikindi kintu hafi yubumaji.Kuzimya ubushyuhe bukwiye hamwe nuburyo bukomeye bwo gukomera mugihe gikwiye bihagarika byihuse inzira kandi bigarura imiterere yicyuma.
Tugomba kureka gukomera?oya.Ibiranga ubukana bifite agaciro, mbere ya byose, nkumurongo ngenderwaho muguhitamo ibiranga imiyoboro yicyuma.Ubukomere nigipimo cyingirakamaro kandi nimwe mubintu byinshi bigomba gutondekwa mugihe utumiza ibikoresho bya tubular hanyuma ukagenzurwa igihe byakiriwe (byanditse kuri buri byoherejwe).Iyo ikizamini gikomeye cyakoreshejwe nkibipimo byikizamini, bigomba kugira ibipimo bikwiye kandi bigenzura imipaka.
Ariko, ntabwo arikizamini cyukuri cyo gutsinda (kwemerwa cyangwa kwangwa) ibikoresho.Usibye gukomera, ababikora bagomba kugenzura ibyoherejwe buri gihe kugirango bamenye indi mitungo ifatika nka MYS, UTS, cyangwa kuramba byibuze, bitewe na progaramu ya pipe.
Wynn H. Kearns is responsible for regional sales for Indiana Tube Corp., 2100 Lexington Road, Evansville, IN 47720, 812-424-9028, wkearns@indianatube.com, www.indianatube.com.
Ikinyamakuru Tube & Pipe cyatangijwe mu 1990 nkikinyamakuru cya mbere cyahariwe inganda zicyuma.Muri iki gihe, iracyari igitabo cyonyine cy’inganda muri Amerika ya Ruguru kandi cyabaye isoko yizewe y’amakuru y’inzobere mu kuvoma.
Kugera kuri digitale yuzuye kuri FABRICATOR irahari, itanga uburyo bworoshye kubutunzi bwinganda.
Uburyo bwuzuye bwa digitale kuri Tube & Pipe Journal irahari, itanga uburyo bworoshye kubutunzi bwinganda.
Ishimire uburyo bwuzuye bwa digitale kubinyamakuru STAMPING, ikinyamakuru cyandika kashe kumasoko hamwe niterambere rigezweho ryikoranabuhanga, imikorere myiza namakuru yinganda.
Kugera byuzuye kuri Fabricator en Español integuro ya digitale irahari, itanga uburyo bworoshye kubutunzi bwinganda.
Mu gice cya kabiri cyibice byacu bibiri hamwe na Adam Heffner, nyiri iduka rya Nashville nuwashinze…