304 ibyuma bidafite ingese bifatanyirijwe hamwe nibikoresho bya chimique, Isesengura rya Thermodynamic ya covalent kandi idakorana na graphene nanosheets ikora mumiyoboro izengurutswe ifite turbulator

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304 10 * 1mm Ibyuma bitagira umuyonga bifatanye mu Bushinwa

Ingano: 3/4 cm, 1/2 cm, 1 cm, 3 cm, 2 cm

Uburebure bwumuyoboro wuburebure: metero 6

Icyiciro cy'icyuma: 201, 304 NA 316

Icyiciro: 201, 202, 304, 316, 304L, 316 L,

Ibikoresho: URUBUGA RUKOMEYE

Imiterere: Gishya

Nanofluide ya covalent na covalent yapimwe mubituba bizengurutswe byashyizwemo kaseti ihindagurika hamwe na helix inguni ya 45 ° na 90 °.Umubare wa Reynolds wari 7000 ≤ Re ≤ 17000, imitungo ya termofiziki yasuzumwe kuri 308 K. Icyitegererezo cyumubiri gikemurwa mubare hifashishijwe ibipimo bibiri byerekana imvururu (SST k-omega turbulence).Ibitekerezo (0.025 wt.%, 0.05 wt.%, Na 0.1 wt.%) Ya nanofluide ZNP-SDBS @ DV na ZNP-COOH @ DV byasuzumwe mubikorwa.Urukuta rw'imiyoboro ihindagurika rushyushye ku bushyuhe buhoraho bwa 330 K. Ibipimo bitandatu byasuzumwe mu bushakashatsi burimo gukorwa: ubushyuhe bwo gusohoka, coefficient de coiffure, impuzandengo ya Nusselt, impuzandengo ya friction, gutakaza umuvuduko, hamwe n'ibipimo byo gusuzuma imikorere.Muri ibyo bihe byombi (inguni ya helix ya 45 ° na 90 °), ZNP-SDBS @ DV nanofluid yerekanye ibimenyetso biranga ubushyuhe-hydraulic birenze ZNP-COOH @ DV, kandi byiyongera hamwe no kwiyongera kwinshi, urugero, 0.025 wt., na 0.05 wt.ni 1.19.% na 1.26 - 0.1 wt.%.Muri ibyo bihe byombi (inguni ya helix 45 ° na 90 °), indangagaciro ziranga thermodinamike mugihe ukoresheje GNP-COOH @ DW ni 1.02 kuri 0.025% wt., 1.05 kuri 0.05% wt.na 1.02 kuri 0.1% wt.
Guhindura ubushyuhe nigikoresho cya termodinamike 1 ikoreshwa mu guhererekanya ubushyuhe mugihe cyo gukonjesha no gushyushya.Ubushyuhe-hydraulic buranga ubushyuhe bwo guhindura ubushyuhe butezimbere coefficient de coiffure kandi bigabanya ubukana bwamazi akora.Hashyizweho uburyo bwinshi bwo kunoza ihererekanyabubasha, harimo kongera imivurungano2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11 na nanofluide12,13,14,15.Kwinjiza kaseti yahinduwe ni bumwe mu buryo bwatsinze uburyo bwo kuzamura ubushyuhe mu guhanahana ubushyuhe kubera koroshya kubungabunga no kugiciro gito 7.16.
Mu ruhererekane rw’ubushakashatsi no kubara, ubushakashatsi bwa hydrothermal yimvange ya nanofluide hamwe noguhindura ubushyuhe hamwe no gushyiramo kaseti yahinduwe.Mubikorwa byubushakashatsi, imiterere ya hydrothermal yibintu bitatu bitandukanye bya nanofluide (Ag @ DW, Fe @ DW na Cu @ DW) byakozwe mubushakashatsi bwakorewe inshinge (STT) ihinduranya ubushyuhe17.Ugereranije n'umuyoboro fatizo, coefficient de transfert ya STT itezwa imbere 11% na 67%.Imiterere ya SST ninziza nziza mubyerekeranye nubukungu muburyo bwo gukora neza hamwe nibintu α = β = 0.33.Byongeye kandi, kwiyongera kwa 18.2% muri n byagaragaye hamwe na Ag @ DW, nubwo kwiyongera kwinshi gutakaza umuvuduko byari 8.5% gusa.Inzira zifatika zo guhererekanya ubushyuhe no gutakaza umuvuduko mu miyoboro yibanze hamwe na turbulatrice zidafite amashanyarazi zakozwe hifashishijwe imivurungano ya Al2O3 @ DW nanofluid hamwe na convection ku gahato.Impuzandengo ntarengwa ya Nusselt (Nuavg) hamwe no gutakaza umuvuduko bigaragara kuri Re = 20.000 mugihe coil coil = mm 25 na Al2O3 @ DW nanofluid 1,6 vol.%.Ubushakashatsi bwa laboratoire nabwo bwakozwe kugira ngo bige uburyo bwo guhererekanya ubushyuhe no gutakaza umuvuduko wa graphene oxyde ya nanofluide (GO @ DW) inyura mu miyoboro hafi y’umuzingi hamwe na WC.Ibisubizo byerekanye ko 0,12 vol% -GO @ DW yongereye coefficente yohereza ubushyuhe bwa convective hafi 77%.Mu bundi bushakashatsi bwakozwe, nanofluide (TiO2 @ DW) yateguwe kugirango yige ibiranga ubushyuhe-hydraulic biranga imiyoboro itoboye yashyizwemo insimburangingo 20.Amazi meza ya hydrothermal ya 1.258 yagezweho hifashishijwe 0.15 vol% -TiO2 @ DW yashyizwe mumashanyarazi 45 ° yegeranye hamwe nibintu bigoramye 3.0.Icyiciro kimwe nicyiciro cya kabiri (hybrid) cyigero cyokuzirikana hitawe kumugezi no guhererekanya ubushyuhe bwa CuO @ DW nanofluide yibintu bitandukanye (1-4% vol.%) 21.Ubushuhe ntarengwa bwubushyuhe bwumuyoboro winjijwe hamwe na kaseti imwe yagoramye ni 2.18, naho umuyoboro winjijwe hamwe na kaseti ebyiri zigoramye mubihe bimwe ni 2.04 (icyitegererezo cyibice bibiri, Re = 36,000 na 4 vol.%).Ubushakashatsi bwakozwe na nanofluid butari Newtonian ya carboxymethyl selulose (CMC) na oxyde y'umuringa (CuO) mu miyoboro minini no mu miyoboro irimo insimburangingo.Nuavg yerekana iterambere rya 16.1% (kumuyoboro nyamukuru) na 60% (kumuyoboro uhujwe ufite igipimo cya (H / D = 5)).Mubisanzwe, igipimo cyo hasi cyo guhinduranya kuri lente bivamo coefficient yo hejuru yo guterana.Mu bushakashatsi bwakorewe ubushakashatsi, ingaruka z'imiyoboro ifite kaseti ihindagurika (TT) hamwe na coil (VC) ku miterere yo guhererekanya ubushyuhe hamwe na coefficient de friction yakozwe hakoreshejwe CuO @ DW nanofluide.Gukoresha 0.3 vol.% -CuO @ DW kuri Re = 20.000 ituma bishoboka kongera ubushyuhe mu muyoboro wa VK-2 kugeza ku giciro kinini cya 44.45%.Byongeye kandi, iyo ukoresheje umugozi uhindagurika hamwe na coil winjizamo imipaka imwe, coefficient de friction yiyongera kubintu 1.17 na 1.19 ugereranije na DW.Muri rusange, imikorere yubushyuhe bwa nanofluide yinjijwe muri coil iruta iya nanofluide yinjijwe mu nsinga zahagaze.Umubyimba uranga imivurungano (MWCNT @ DW) nanofluid yizwe imbere mu muyoboro utambitse winjijwe mu nsinga izenguruka.Ibipimo byerekana ubushyuhe byari> 1 kubibazo byose, byerekana ko guhuza nanofluidics hamwe no gushiramo coil biteza imbere ubushyuhe budakoresheje ingufu za pompe.Abstract - Ibiranga hydrothermal biranga imiyoboro ibiri ihinduranya ubushyuhe hamwe ninjizamo zitandukanye zikozwe mu cyuma cyahinduwe cyahinduwe na V-kaseti ya VcTT (VcTT) yakozweho ubushakashatsi mu bihe by’imivurungano ya Al2O3 + TiO2 @ DW nanofluid.Ugereranije na DW mu miyoboro fatizo, Nuavg ifite iterambere ryinshi rya 132% hamwe na coefficient de friction igera kuri 55%.Byongeye kandi, haganiriwe ku mikorere y’ingufu za Al2O3 + TiO2 @ DW nanocomposite mu guhanahana imiyoboro ibiri -26.Mu bushakashatsi bwabo, basanze ikoreshwa rya Al2O3 + TiO2 @ DW na TT ryateje imbere ingufu zidasanzwe ugereranije na DW.Mu guhinduranya ubushyuhe bwa tubular hamwe na turbulatrice ya VcTT, Singh na Sarkar27 bakoresheje ibikoresho byo guhindura icyiciro (PCM), bakwirakwiza nanofluide imwe / nanocomposite (Al2O3 @ DW hamwe na PCM na Al2O3 + PCM).Batangaje ko guhererekanya ubushyuhe no gutakaza umuvuduko byiyongera uko coefficient igabanuka igabanuka kandi nanoparticle ikiyongera.Ikintu kinini cya V-icyerekezo cyimbitse cyangwa ikintu gito kigari gishobora gutanga ubushyuhe bwinshi no gutakaza umuvuduko.Byongeye kandi, graphene-platine (Gr-Pt) yakoreshejwe mu gukora ubushakashatsi ku bushyuhe, guterana, hamwe n’igipimo rusange cya entropiya muri tebes hamwe na 2-TT28.Ubushakashatsi bwabo bwerekanye ko ijanisha rito rya (Gr-Pt) ryagabanije cyane ubushyuhe bwa entropiya ugereranije niterambere ryinshi rya entropiya.Kuvanga Al2O3 @ MgO nanofluide na conic WC birashobora gufatwa nkuruvange rwiza, kubera ko igipimo cyiyongereye (h / Δp) gishobora kunoza imikorere ya hydrothermal yimikorere yubushyuhe bubiri 29.Icyitegererezo cyumubare gikoreshwa mugusuzuma ingufu zo kuzigama no kubungabunga ibidukikije byoguhindura ubushyuhe hamwe na nanofluide igizwe nibice bitatu (THNF) (Al2O3 + graphene + MWCNT) yahagaritswe muri DW30.Bitewe n'ibipimo ngenderwaho byo gusuzuma imikorere (PEC) murwego rwa 1.42-22.35, harasabwa guhuza Depression Twisted Turbulizer Insert (DTTI) na (Al2O3 + Graphene + MWCNT).
Kugeza ubu, ntabwo hitabwa cyane ku ruhare rwimikorere ya covalent na non-covalent mumikorere ya hydrodynamic mumazi yubushyuhe.Intego yihariye yubu bushakashatsi yari iyo kugereranya ibiranga ubushyuhe-hydraulic biranga nanofluide (ZNP-SDBS @ DV) na (ZNP-COOH @ DV) mu byuma bifata amajwi hamwe na helix ingana na 45 ° na 90 °.Imiterere ya thermophysical yapimwe kuri Tin = 308 K. Muri iki gihe, ibice bitatu bya misa byitabweho mugikorwa cyo kugereranya, nka (0.025 wt.%, 0.05 wt.% Na 0.1 wt.%).Ihererekanyabubasha ryimyenda muri 3D ya turbulent moderi (SST k-ω) ikoreshwa mugukemura ibiranga ubushyuhe-hydraulic.Kubwibyo, ubu bushakashatsi bugira uruhare runini mukwiga ibintu byiza (guhererekanya ubushyuhe) nibintu bibi (kugabanuka k'umuvuduko ukabije), byerekana ibiranga ubushyuhe-hydraulic biranga no gutezimbere amazi meza akora muri sisitemu yubuhanga.
Iboneza shingiro ni umuyoboro woroshye (L = 900 mm na Dh = 20 mm).Shyiramo ibipimo byafashwe amajwi (uburebure = mm 20, uburebure = 0,5 mm, umwirondoro = 30 mm).Muri iki kibazo, uburebure, ubugari, na stroke yumwirondoro wa spiral byari mm 20, mm 0,5, na 30 mm.Kaseti yagoramye yegeranye kuri 45 ° na 90 °.Amazi atandukanye akora nka DW, nanofluide idahwitse (GNF-SDBS @ DW) hamwe na nanofluide ya covalent (GNF-COOH @ DW) kuri Tin = 308 K, ubunini butatu butandukanye hamwe nimibare itandukanye ya Reynolds.Ibizamini byakorewe imbere mu guhinduranya ubushyuhe.Urukuta rw'inyuma rw'umuyoboro wa spiral rwashyutswe ku bushyuhe buri hejuru ya 330 K kugirango hamenyekane ibipimo byo kunoza ubushyuhe.
Ku mutini.Igishushanyo mbonera cyerekana kaseti ihindagurika yinjizwamo imipaka ikoreshwa hamwe nimbibi zikoreshwa.Nkuko byavuzwe haruguru, umuvuduko n umuvuduko wimipaka ikoreshwa mubice byinjira no gusohoka bya helix.Ku bushyuhe buhoraho bwubuso, ibintu bitanyerera bishyirwa kurukuta rwumuyoboro.Kwigereranya kwimibare ikoresha igisubizo gishingiye kubibazo.Muri icyo gihe, porogaramu (ANSYS FLUENT 2020R1) ikoreshwa muguhindura ibice bitandukanya igice (PDE) muri sisitemu yo kugereranya algebraic ikoresheje uburyo bwanyuma (FMM).Uburyo bwa kabiri bworoheje SIMPLE (uburyo bwa kimwe cya kabiri cyerekana uburyo bukurikiranye ningaruka zingana) bifitanye isano n'umuvuduko-umuvuduko.Twashimangira ko guhuza ibisigisigi bya misa, umuvuduko, ningufu zingana biri munsi ya 103 na 106.
p Igishushanyo cya domaine yumubiri no kubara: (a) inguni ya helix 90 °, (b) inguni ya helix 45 °, (c) nta cyuma gifatika.
Moderi imwe ikoreshwa mugusobanura imiterere ya nanofluide.Mugushyiramo nanomateriali mumazi shingiro (DW), harakorwa amazi ahoraho afite ubushyuhe bwiza.Ni muri urwo rwego, ubushyuhe n'umuvuduko w'amazi y'ibanze na nanomaterial bifite agaciro kamwe.Bitewe nibitekerezo byavuzwe haruguru hamwe nibitekerezo, imikorere yicyiciro kimwe ikora murubu bushakashatsi.Ubushakashatsi bwinshi bwerekanye imikorere nuburyo bukoreshwa muburyo bumwe bwa tekinike ya nanofluidic 31,32.
Urujya n'uruza rwa nanofluide rugomba kuba Newtonian imivurungano, idahinduka kandi ihagaze.Igikorwa cyo guhunika hamwe no gushyushya viscous ntaho bihuriye nubu bushakashatsi.Byongeye kandi, ubunini bwurukuta rwimbere ninyuma rwumuyoboro ntirwitabwaho.Kubwibyo, ubwinshi, imbaraga, hamwe ningufu zo kubungabunga ingufu zisobanura urugero rwubushyuhe burashobora kugaragazwa kuburyo bukurikira:
aha \Ibintu byiza bya termofiziki ya nanofluide, harimo ubucucike (ρ), ubukonje (μ), ubushobozi bwihariye bwubushyuhe (Cp) hamwe nubushyuhe bwumuriro (k), bwerekanwe kumeza, byapimwe mugihe cyubushakashatsi bwakozwe mubushyuhe bwa 308 K1 mugihe bwakoreshejwe muri aba bigana.
Ibigereranyo bitari bike bya nanofluide itembera mumiyoboro isanzwe na TT byakorewe kuri Reynolds nimero 7000 ≤ Re ≤ 17000. Izi mashusho hamwe na coefficient zoherejwe nubushyuhe bwa convective zasesenguwe hifashishijwe uburyo bwa Mentor κ-ω imivurungano yo kwimura impagarara (SST) zagereranijwe hejuru ya Reynolds. icyitegererezo Navier-Stokes, ikoreshwa mubushakashatsi bwindege.Mubyongeyeho, icyitegererezo gikora kidafite urukuta kandi kirasobanutse neza kurukuta 35,36.(SST) κ-ω igereranya ingero yimivurungano niyi ikurikira:
aho \ (S \) nigiciro cyikigereranyo cyingutu, kandi \ (y \) nintera igana hejuru yubuso.Hagati aho, \ ({\ alpha} _ {1} \), \ ({\ alpha} _ {2} \), \ ({\ beta} _ {1} \), \ ({\ beta} _ {2 }), \ ({\ beta} ^ {*} \), \ ({\ sigma} _ {{k} _ {1}} \), \ ({\ sigma} _ {{k} _ {2 }} \), \ ({\ sigma} _ {{\ omega} _ {1}} \) na \ ({\ sigma} _ {{\ omega} _ {2}} \) bisobanura icyitegererezo cyose.F1 na F2 nibikorwa bivanze.Icyitonderwa: F1 = 1 murwego rwimbibi, 0 mumigezi yegereje.
Ibipimo byo gusuzuma imikorere bikoreshwa mukwiga ihindagurika ryimyanya yubushyuhe, covalent hamwe na nanofluid itemba, urugero31:
Ni muri urwo rwego, (\ (\ rho \)), (\ (v \)), (\ ({D} _ {h} \)) na (\ (\ mu \)) bikoreshwa mu bucucike, umuvuduko w’amazi , diameter ya hydraulic na viscosity dinamike.(\ ({C} _ {p} \, \ mathm {Na none, (\ (\ akadomo {m} \)) bivuga gutembera kwinshi, kandi (\ ({T} _ {hanze} - {T} _ {muri} \)) bivuga itandukaniro ryubushyuhe bwo gusohoka no gusohoka..\ ({A} _ {s} = \ pi DL \), \ ({\ umurongo {T}} _ {f} = \ frac {\ ibumoso ({T} _ {hanze} - {T} _ {muri } \ iburyo)} {2} \) na \ ({\ umurongo {T}} _ {w} = \ sum \ frac {{T} _ {w}} {n} \).
Imiterere ya thermofiziki yumubiri wibanze (DW), nanofluide idahwitse (GNF-SDBS @ DW), hamwe na nanofluide ya covalent (GNF-COOH @ DW) yakuwe mubitabo byasohotse (ubushakashatsi bwubushakashatsi), Sn = 308 K, nkuko yerekanwe mu mbonerahamwe ya 134. Mubisanzwe Mubigeragezo byo kubona nanofluide idahwitse (GNP-SDBS @ DW) nanofluide hamwe nijanisha rizwi, garama zimwe za GNP zambere zapimwe muburyo bwa digitale.Ikigereranyo cyibiro bya SDBS / GNP kavukire ni (0.5: 1) ipima muri DW.Muri iki gihe, covalent (COOH-GNP @ DW) nanofluide yashizwemo hongerwaho amatsinda ya carboxyl hejuru ya GNP ukoresheje acide ikomeye cyane ifite igipimo cyijwi (1: 3) cya HNO3 na H2SO4.Nanofluide ya Covalent na covalent yahagaritswe muri DW ku bipimo bitatu bitandukanye byijana nka 0.025 wt%, 0.05 wt%.na 0.1% bya misa.
Ibizamini byubwigenge bwa mesh byakorewe mubice bine bitandukanye byo kubara kugirango barebe ko ingano ya mesh itagira ingaruka ku kwigana.Kubireba umuyoboro wa torsion 45 °, umubare wibice bifite ubunini bwa mm 1,75 ni 249.033, umubare wibice bifite ubunini bwa mm 2 ni 307.969, umubare wibice bifite ubunini bwa mm 2,25 ni 421.406, naho umubare wibice hamwe nubunini bwa 2 .5 mm 564 940.Mubyongeyeho, murugero rwumuyoboro wa 90 ° wagoretse, umubare wibintu bifite mm 1,75 mm yubunini ni 245.531, umubare wibintu bifite ubunini bwa mm 2 ni 311.584, umubare wibintu bifite ubunini bwa mm 2,25 ni 422.708, kandi umubare wibintu bifite ubunini bwa mm 2,5 ni 573.826.Ubusobanuro bwumutungo wubushyuhe wasomwe nka (Tout, htc, na Nuavg) bwiyongera uko umubare wibintu ugabanuka.Muri icyo gihe, ukuri kw'agaciro ka coefficient de fraisse no kugabanuka kwerekanaga imyitwarire itandukanye rwose (Ishusho 2).Urusobemiyoboro (2) rwakoreshejwe nk'akarere ka gride nkuru kugirango isuzume ibiranga ubushyuhe bwa hydraulic murwego rwigana.
Kugerageza guhererekanya ubushyuhe no kugabanuka k'umuvuduko utitaye kuri mesh ukoresheje ibice bibiri bya DW byahinduwe kuri 45 ° na 90 °.
Ibisubizo byumubare byemejwe kubikorwa byo guhererekanya ubushyuhe hamwe na coefficient de friction ikoresheje amasano azwi cyane hamwe nuburinganire nka Dittus-Belter, Petukhov, Gnelinsky, Notter-Rouse na Blasius.Kugereranya byakozwe hakurikijwe 7000≤Re≤17000.Nkurikije umutini.3, impuzandengo namakosa menshi hagati yibisubizo byikigereranyo hamwe no kugereranya ubushyuhe ni 4.050 na 5.490% (Dittus-Belter), 9.736 na 11.33% (Petukhov), 4.007 na 7.483% (Gnelinsky), na 3.883% na 4.937% ( Nott-Belter).Roza).Muri uru rubanza, impuzandengo namakosa menshi hagati y ibisubizo byikigereranyo hamwe nuburinganire bwa coefficient de fraisation ni 7.346% na 8.039% (Blasius) na 8.117% na 9.002% (Petukhov).
Gushyushya ubushyuhe hamwe na hydrodynamic ya DW kumibare itandukanye ya Reynolds ukoresheje imibare numubare ufatika.
Iki gice kivuga ku miterere yubushyuhe bwa non-covalent (LNP-SDBS) na covalent (LNP-COOH) amazi ya nanofluide yo mu bice bitatu bitandukanye hamwe nimibare ya Reynolds nkimpuzandengo ugereranije n’amazi fatizo (DW).Uburinganire bwa geometrike ebyiri zo guhinduranya umukandara (helix angle 45 ° na 90 °) byaganiriweho kuri 7000 ≤ Re ≤ 17000. Mu mutini.4 yerekana ubushyuhe buringaniye mugihe cyo gusohoka kwa nanofluide mumazi yibanze (DW) (\ (\ frac {{{T} _ {hanze}} _ {NFs}} {{{T} _ {hanze}} _ { DW}} \)) kuri (0.025% wt., 0,05% wt. Na 0.1% wt.)(\ (\ frac {{{T} _ {hanze}} _ {NFs}} {{{} ni idahwitse (VNP-SDBS) na covalent (VNP-COOH) nanofluide iri munsi yubushyuhe bwo gusohora amazi yibanze.Kugabanuka cyane kandi hejuru kwari 0.1 wt% -COOH @ GNPs na 0.1 wt% -SDBS @ GNPs.Iyi phenomenon iterwa no kwiyongera kwumubare wa Reynolds kumurongo uhoraho, biganisha kumihindagurikire yimiterere ya nanofluide (ni ukuvuga ubucucike nubwiza bwimbaraga).
Igishushanyo cya 5 nicya 6 byerekana impuzandengo yo kohereza ubushyuhe bwa nanofluide kumazi fatizo (DW) kuri (0.025 wt.%, 0.05 wt.% Na 0.1 wt.%).Impuzandengo yo guhererekanya ubushyuhe buri gihe irenze 1, bivuze ko uburyo bwo kohereza ubushyuhe butari covalent (LNP-SDBS) na covalent (LNP-COOH) nanofluide byongerewe imbaraga ugereranije n’amazi yibanze.0.1 wt% -COOH @ GNPs na 0.1 wt% -SDBS @ GNPs yageze ku nyungu zo hasi kandi nyinshi.Iyo umubare wa Reynolds wiyongereye kubera kuvanga amazi menshi hamwe n’imivurungano mu muyoboro wa 1, imikorere yo kohereza ubushyuhe iratera imbere.Amazi anyuze mu cyuho gito agera ku muvuduko mwinshi, bikavamo umuvuduko muto / ubushyuhe bwimbibi, byongera umuvuduko wo kohereza ubushyuhe.Ongeraho nanoparticles nyinshi mumazi yibanze arashobora kugira ibisubizo byiza nibibi.Ingaruka zingirakamaro zirimo kwiyongera kwa nanoparticle, gukenera amazi meza yumuriro, hamwe no guhererekanya ubushyuhe.
Ubushyuhe bwo kohereza ubushyuhe bwa nanofluide kumazi fatizo bitewe numubare wa Reynolds kuri 45 ° na 90 °.
Muri icyo gihe, ingaruka mbi ni kwiyongera k'ubukonje bukabije bwa nanofluide, bigabanya umuvuduko wa nanofluide, bityo bikagabanya umubare mpuzandengo wa Nusselt (Nuavg).Kwiyongera k'ubushyuhe bwa nanofluide (ZNP-SDBS @ DW) na (ZNP-COOH @ DW) bigomba guterwa no kugenda kwa Brown hamwe na microconvection ya graphene nanoparticles yahagaritswe muri DW37.Ubushyuhe bwumuriro wa nanofluide (ZNP-COOH @ DV) burenze ubw'ubwa nanofluide (ZNP-SDBS @ DV) n'amazi yatoboye.Ongeramo nanomateriali nyinshi mumazi yibanze byongera ubushyuhe bwumuriro (Imbonerahamwe 1) 38.
Igicapo 7 kirerekana impuzandengo yikigereranyo cyo guteranya nanofluide hamwe namazi yibanze (DW) (f (NFs) / f (DW)) mubice byinshi (0.025%, 0.05% na 0.1%).Impuzandengo ya coefficente yo guterana buri gihe ni ≈1, bivuze ko idafite covalent (GNF-SDBS @ DW) hamwe na covalent (GNF-COOH @ DW) nanofluide ifite coeffisiyoneri yo guterana nkamazi yibanze.Guhindura ubushyuhe hamwe n'umwanya muto bitera inzitizi nyinshi kandi byongera umuvuduko ukabije1.Ahanini, coefficient de friction yiyongera gato hamwe no kongera igice kinini cya nanofluid.Igihombo kinini cyo guterana giterwa no kwiyongera kwijimye rya nanofluide hamwe no kwiyongera kwimyanya yo hejuru hejuru hamwe nijanisha ryinshi rya nanografiya mumazi yibanze.Imbonerahamwe (1) yerekana ko viscosity dinamike ya nanofluide (ZNP-SDBS @ DV) iruta iya nanofluide (ZNP-COOH @ DV) ku ijanisha rimwe ryibiro, bifitanye isano no kongeramo ingaruka zubuso.ibikorwa bikora kuri nanofluid idahwitse.
Ku mutini.8 yerekana nanofluid ugereranije n'amazi y'ibanze (DW) (\ (\ frac {{\ Delta P} _ {NFs}} {{\ Delta P} _ {DW}} \)) kuri (0.025%, 0.05% na 0.1% ).Nanofluid idahwitse (GNPs-SDBS @ DW) yerekanye igihombo kinini cyo hejuru, kandi hamwe no kwiyongera kwijanisha rya misa kugera kuri 2.04% kuri 0.025% wt., 2.46% kuri 0.05% wt.na 3.44% kuri 0.1% wt.hamwe no kwaguka (helix angle 45 ° na 90 °).Hagati aho, nanofluid (GNPs-COOH @ DW) yerekanye igihombo cyo hasi cyumuvuduko ukabije, kiva kuri 1.31% kuri 0.025% wt.kugeza kuri 1.65% kuri 0,05% wt.Ikigereranyo cyo gutakaza umuvuduko wa 0.05 wt.%-COOH@NP na 0.1 wt.%-COOH@NP ni 1.65%.Nkuko bigaragara, kugabanuka k'umuvuduko kwiyongera hamwe no kwiyongera Re mubibazo byose.Kwiyongera k'umuvuduko kugabanuka hejuru ya Re agaciro byerekanwa nuburyo butaziguye kumajwi atemba.Kubwibyo, umubare munini wa Re muri tube uganisha kumuvuduko mwinshi, bisaba kwiyongera kwingufu za pompe 39,40.Byongeye kandi, igihombo cyumuvuduko kiri hejuru kubera ubukana bwinshi bwa eddies hamwe n’imivurungano iterwa nubuso bunini bwubuso, ibyo bikaba byongera imikoranire yumuvuduko nimbaraga za inertia murwego rwimbibi1.
Muri rusange, ibipimo ngenderwaho byo gusuzuma imikorere (PEC) kubidafite imbaraga (VNP-SDBS @ DW) hamwe na covalent (VNP-COOH @ DW) nanofluide irerekanwa mumashusho.9. Nanofluid (ZNP-SDBS @ DV) yerekanye indangagaciro za PEC kurenza (ZNP-COOH @ DV) muri ibyo bihe byombi (inguni ya helix 45 ° na 90 °) kandi byanozwa no kongera igice kinini, urugero, 0.025 wt.%.ni 1.17, 0.05 wt.% ni 1.19 na 0.1 wt.% ni 1.26.Hagati aho, indangagaciro za PEC ukoresheje nanofluide (GNPs-COOH @ DW) yari 1.02 kuri 0.025 wt%, 1.05 kuri 0.05 wt%, 1.05 kuri 0.1 wt%.muri ibyo bihe byombi (inguni ya helix 45 ° na 90 °).1.02.Nibisanzwe, hamwe no kwiyongera kwa Reynolds, ubushyuhe bwa hydraulic bugabanuka cyane.Mugihe umubare wa Reynolds wiyongera, igabanuka rya coefficient de hydrata-hydraulic ikora neza ijyanye no kwiyongera (NuNFs / NuDW) no kugabanuka kwa (fNFs / fDW).
Imiterere ya hydrothermal ya nanofluide kubijyanye n'amazi yibanze bitewe numubare wa Reynolds kumiyoboro ifite 45 ° na 90 °.
Iki gice kivuga ku miterere yubushyuhe bwamazi (DW), idahwitse (VNP-SDBS @ DW), hamwe na covalent (VNP-COOH @ DW) nanofluide yibice bitatu bitandukanye hamwe numubare wa Reynolds.Uburinganire bwa geometrike ebyiri zashyizwe hamwe zarebwaga mu ntera 7000 ≤ Re ≤ 17000 ku bijyanye n'imiyoboro isanzwe (inguni ya helix 45 ° na 90 °) kugirango isuzume ikigereranyo cyo gukora ubushyuhe bwa hydraulic.Ku mutini.10 yerekana ubushyuhe bwamazi na nanofluide kumasoko nkimpuzandengo ukoresheje (inguni ya helix 45 ° na 90 °) kumuyoboro rusange (\ (\ frac {{{T} _ {hanze}} _ {Yahinduwe}} {{ {T} _ {hanze}} _ {Ibisanzwe}} \)).Non-covalent (GNP-SDBS @ DW) na covalent (GNP-COOH @ DW) nanofluide ifite ibice bitatu bitandukanye byuburemere nka 0.025 wt%, 0.05 wt% na 0.1 wt%.Nkuko bigaragara ku gishushanyo.11, impuzandengo yubushyuhe bwo gusohoka (\ (\ frac {{{T} _ {hanze}} _ {Yahinduwe}} {{{T} _ {hanze}} _ {Ikibaya}} \))> 1, byerekana ko (45 ° na 90 ° helix angle) ubushyuhe ku isohokera ry'ubushyuhe bugaragara cyane kuruta ubw'umuyoboro usanzwe, kubera ubukana bwinshi bw'imivurungano no kuvanga neza amazi.Mubyongeyeho, ubushyuhe ku isohoka rya DW, nanofluide idahwitse na covalent yagabanutse hamwe no kongera umubare wa Reynolds.Amazi yibanze (DW) afite ubushyuhe bwo hejuru busohoka.Hagati aho, agaciro kari hasi yerekana 0.1 wt% -SDBS @ GNPs.Non-covalent (GNPs-SDBS @ DW) nanofluide yerekanaga ubushyuhe buke bwo hanze ugereranije na covalent (GNPs-COOH @ DW) nanofluide.Kubera ko kaseti ihindagurika ituma umurima utemba urushaho kuvangwa, ubushyuhe bwo hafi yurukuta burashobora kunyura byoroshye mumazi, bikongera ubushyuhe muri rusange.Ikigereranyo cyo hasi-kuri-kaseti itera kwinjirira neza bityo guhererekanya ubushyuhe bwiza.Ku rundi ruhande, birashobora kugaragara ko kaseti yazunguye igumana ubushyuhe buke ku rukuta, ari nako byongera Nuavg.Kuri kaseti ihindagurika, agaciro ka Nuavg karenze kerekana uburyo bwiza bwo guhererekanya ubushyuhe muri tube22.Bitewe n'inzira ziyongera ziyongera hamwe no kuvanga no guhungabana, igihe cyo gutura cyiyongera, bigatuma ubushyuhe bwamazi bwiyongera kumasoko41.
Reynolds imibare ya nanofluide itandukanye ugereranije nubushyuhe bwo gusohoka bwimyanda isanzwe (45 ° na 90 ° helix angles).
Coefficient zoherejwe nubushyuhe (45 ° na 90 ° helix angle) na Reynolds nimero ya nanofluide zitandukanye ugereranije nigituba gisanzwe.
Uburyo nyamukuru bwo kuzamura ubushyuhe bwa kaseti ya kaseti ni ubu bukurikira: 1. Kugabanya diametre ya hydraulic ya hydraulic ya tube yo guhanahana ubushyuhe itera kwiyongera k'umuvuduko w umuvuduko no kugabanuka, ari nako byongera impagarara zogosha kurukuta kandi bigateza imbere kugenda kabiri.2. Bitewe no kuzibira kaseti ihindagurika, umuvuduko kurukuta rwumuyoboro uriyongera, kandi ubunini bwurwego rugabanuka.3. Gutembera kuzenguruka inyuma y'umukandara uhindagurika biganisha ku kwiyongera k'umuvuduko.4. Umuyaga uterwa neza utezimbere kuvanga amazi hagati yakarere kegereye no hafi yurukuta rwimigezi42.Ku mutini.11 n'umutini.12 yerekana ubushyuhe bwo kohereza ubushyuhe bwa DW na nanofluide, kurugero (coefficente de transfert de coiffe na numero ya Nusselt ugereranije) nkimpuzandengo ukoresheje imiyoboro ya kaseti yashizwemo ugereranije nigituba gisanzwe.Non-covalent (GNP-SDBS @ DW) na covalent (GNP-COOH @ DW) nanofluide ifite ibice bitatu bitandukanye byuburemere nka 0.025 wt%, 0.05 wt% na 0.1 wt%.Mu guhinduranya ubushyuhe bwombi (45 ° na 90 ° helix angle) impuzandengo yo guhererekanya ubushyuhe ni> 1, byerekana ko hari iterambere rya coefficient de transfert hamwe numubare ugereranije wa Nusselt hamwe nigituba gifatanye ugereranije nigituba gisanzwe.Non-covalent (GNPs-SDBS @ DW) nanofluide yerekanye ko impuzandengo yoherezwa hejuru yubushyuhe burenze covalent (GNPs-COOH @ DW) nanofluide.Kuri Re = 900, 0.1 wt% kunoza imikorere yo guhererekanya ubushyuhe -SDBS @ GNPs kubantu bombi bahinduranya ubushyuhe (45 ° na 90 ° helix angle) niyo yari hejuru ifite agaciro ka 1.90.Ibi bivuze ko ingaruka imwe ya TP ningirakamaro cyane kumuvuduko wo hasi wamazi (Reynolds numero) 43 no kongera ubukana bwimivurungano.Bitewe no kwishyiriraho ibice byinshi, coefficient de transfert yubushyuhe hamwe nimpuzandengo ya Nusselt yumubare wa TT urenze umuyoboro usanzwe, bikavamo imipaka yoroheje.Ese kuba HP byongera ubukana bwumuvurungano, kuvanga amazi yimikorere no kongera ubushyuhe ugereranije nu miyoboro fatizo (utabanje gushyiramo kaseti ihindagurika) 21.
Impuzandengo ya Nusselt (helix angle 45 ° na 90 °) na Reynolds nimero ya nanofluide itandukanye ugereranije nigituba gisanzwe.
Igishushanyo cya 13 nicya 14 byerekana impuzandengo yikigereranyo cyo guterana amagambo (\ (\ frac {{f} _ {Yahinduwe}} {{f} _ {Ikibaya}} \)) no gutakaza umuvuduko (\ (\ frac {{\ Delta P} _. (0.025 wt%, 0,05 wt% na 0.1 wt%). } _ {Ikibaya}} \}) kugabanuka. inguni na 90 °) guhinduranya ubushyuhe bigura inshuro eshatu kurenza imiyoboro isanzwe. Byongeye kandi, iyo amazi akora atemba ku muvuduko mwinshi, coefficient de friction iragabanuka. Ikibazo kivuka kuko uko umubare wa Reynolds wiyongera, ubunini bwurwego rwimbibi igabanuka, biganisha ku kugabanuka kwingaruka zubukonje bwimbaraga kumwanya wafashwe, kugabanuka kwumuvuduko wumuvuduko wumuvuduko wogosha kandi, bityo, kugabanuka kwa coefficient de friction21.Ingaruka nziza yo guhagarika bitewe nuko TT ihari hamwe no kwiyongera kuzunguruka bivamo igihombo kinini cyumuvuduko mwinshi wa TT itandukanye ya TT kuruta iyindi.Mubyongeyeho, kumuyoboro wibanze hamwe numuyoboro wa TT, urashobora kubona ko kugabanuka k'umuvuduko kwiyongera hamwe n'umuvuduko w'amazi akora43.
Coefficient de friction (45 ° na 90 ° helix angle) na Reynolds umubare wa nanofluide zitandukanye ugereranije nigituba gisanzwe.
Gutakaza umuvuduko (45 ° na 90 ° helix angle) nkigikorwa cyumubare wa Reynolds kuri nanofluide zitandukanye ugereranije numuyoboro usanzwe.
Muri make, Igicapo 15 kirerekana ibipimo ngenderwaho byo gusuzuma imikorere (PEC) kubihinduranya ubushyuhe hamwe na 45 ° na 90 ° ugereranije nigituba gisanzwe (\ (\ frac {{PEC} _ {Twisted}} {{PEC} _ {Ikibaya}} \ )) muri (0.025 wt.%, 0,05 wt.% na 0.1 wt.%) ukoresheje DV, (VNP-SDBS @ DV) na covalent (VNP-COOH @ DV) nanofluide.Agaciro (\.Mubyongeyeho, (\ (\ frac {{PEC} _ {Yahinduwe}} {{PEC} _ {Ikibaya}} \)) igera ku gaciro keza kuri Re = 11,000.90 ° ihinduranya ubushyuhe yerekana kwiyongera gake muri (\ (\ frac {{PEC} _ {Yahinduwe}} {{PEC} _ {Ikibaya}} \)) ugereranije na 45 ° ihindura ubushyuhe., Kuri Re = 11,000 0.1 wt% -GNPs @ SDBS yerekana hejuru (\ (\ frac {{PEC} _ {Yahinduwe}} {{PEC} _ {Ikibaya}} \)) indangagaciro, urugero 1.25 kuri 45 ° ihinduranya ubushyuhe na 1.27 kuri 90 ° inguni ihindura ubushyuhe.Irenze imwe kuri ijana kwijana ryibice byinshi, byerekana ko imiyoboro ifite insimburangingo ya kaseti ihindagurika iruta imiyoboro isanzwe.Ikigaragara ni uko uburyo bwiza bwo guhererekanya ubushyuhe butangwa no gushiramo kaseti byatumye habaho kwiyongera gukomeye gutakaza igihombo22.
Ibipimo ngenderwaho kuri Reynolds umubare wa nanofluide zitandukanye zijyanye nigituba gisanzwe (45 ° na 90 ° helix angle).
Umugereka A werekana umurongo wa 45 ° na 90 ° guhinduranya ubushyuhe kuri Re = 7000 ukoresheje DW, 0.1 wt% -GNP-SDBS @ DW na 0.1 wt% -GNP-COOH @ DW.Imirongo mu ndege ihinduranya ni ikintu kigaragara cyane cyingaruka zimpinduramatwara yinjizwamo kumurongo nyamukuru.Gukoresha 45 ° na 90 ° guhinduranya ubushyuhe byerekana ko umuvuduko mukarere kegereye urukuta hafi ya.Hagati aho, Umugereka B werekana umuvuduko wa 45 ° na 90 ° guhinduranya ubushyuhe kuri Re = 7000 ukoresheje DW, 0.1 wt% -GNP-SDBS @ DW na 0.1 wt% -GNP-COOH @ DW.Umuvuduko wihuta uri ahantu hatatu (uduce), kurugero, Ikibaya-1 (P1 = −30mm), Ikibaya-4 (P4 = 60mm) na Kibaya-7 (P7 = 150mm).Umuvuduko utemba hafi y'urukuta rw'umuyoboro ni muto kandi umuvuduko w'amazi wiyongera ugana hagati y'umuyoboro.Byongeye kandi, iyo unyuze mumuyoboro wumwuka, ubuso bwumuvuduko muke hafi yurukuta bwiyongera.Ibi biterwa no gukura kwurubibi rwa hydrodynamic, byongera ubunini bwakarere gafite umuvuduko muke hafi yurukuta.Mubyongeyeho, kongera umubare wa Reynolds byongera urwego rusange rwumuvuduko mubice byose byambukiranya, bityo bikagabanya ubukana bwakarere k’umuvuduko muke mu muyoboro39.
Graphene nanosheets ikora neza kandi idakorana isuzumabumenyi ryasuzumwe mugushyiramo kaseti ihindagurika hamwe na helix inguni ya 45 ° na 90 °.Guhindura ubushyuhe byakemuwe mubare ukoresheje moderi ya SST k-omega ya turbulence kuri 7000 ≤ Re ≤ 17000. Imiterere ya thermophysical ibarwa kuri Tin = 308 K. Icyarimwe shyushya icyarimwe urukuta ruzengurutse ubushyuhe buhoraho bwa 330 K. COOH @ DV) yagabanijwe muburyo butatu, urugero (0.025 wt.%, 0.05 wt.% na 0.1 wt.%).Ubu bushakashatsi bwasuzumye ibintu bitandatu by'ingenzi: ubushyuhe bwo gusohoka, coefficient de transfert, impuzandengo ya Nusselt, coefficient de friction, gutakaza umuvuduko, hamwe n'ibipimo byo gusuzuma imikorere.Dore ibyingenzi byingenzi byagaragaye:
Impuzandengo yubushyuhe bwo gusohoka (\ ({{T} _ {hanze}} _ {Nanofluide} \) / \ ({{T} _ {hanze}} _ {Basefluid} \)) burigihe buri munsi ya 1, bivuze ko kudakwirakwizwa Ubushyuhe bwo gusohoka bwa valence (ZNP-SDBS @ DV) hamwe na covalent (ZNP-COOH @ DV) nanofluide iri munsi yubwa mazi yibanze.Hagati aho, impuzandengo yubushyuhe bwo gusohoka (\ ({{T} _ {hanze}} _ {Yahinduwe} \) / \ ({{T} _ {hanze}} _ {Ikibaya} \)) agaciro> 1, byerekana kuri ukuri ko (45 ° na 90 ° helix angle) ubushyuhe bwo gusohoka buri hejuru ugereranije nibituba bisanzwe.
Muri ubwo buryo bwombi, impuzandengo yimiterere yimiterere yubushyuhe (nanofluid / fluid base) na (tube twisted / tube tube isanzwe) burigihe byerekana> 1.Non-covalent (GNPs-SDBS @ DW) nanofluide yerekanye ubwiyongere buringaniye bwikwirakwizwa ryubushyuhe, bihuye na covalent (GNPs-COOH @ DW) nanofluide.
Impuzandengo yikigereranyo cyo guteranya (\ ({f} _ {Nanofluide} / {f} _ {Basefluid} \)) ya covalent (VNP-SDBS @ DW) na covalent (VNP-COOH @ DW) nanofluide ihora ≈1 .guterana amagambo adahuje (ZNP-SDBS @ DV) hamwe na covalent (ZNP-COOH @ DV) nanofluide (\ ({f} _ {Yahinduwe} / {f} _ {Ikibaya} \)) buri gihe> 3.
Muri ibyo bihe byombi (45 ° na 90 ° helix angle), nanofluide (GNPs-SDBS @ DW) yerekanye hejuru (\ ({\ Delta P} _ {Nanofluide} / {\ Delta P} _ {Basefluid} \)) 0.025 wt.% kuri 2.04%, 0.05 wt.% kuri 2.46% na 0.1 wt.% kuri 3.44%.Hagati aho, (GNPs-COOH @ DW) nanofluide yerekanye hasi (\ ({\ Delta P} _ {Nanofluide} / {\ Delta P} _ {Basefluid} \)) kuva kuri 1.31% kuri 0.025 wt.% Kugeza kuri 1.65% ni 0.05 % kuburemere.Mubyongeyeho, impuzandengo yo gutakaza umuvuduko (\ ({\ Delta P} _ {Yahinduwe} / {\ Delta P} _ {Ikibaya} \) cyo kudahuza (GNPs-SDBS @ DW) na covalent (GNPs-COOH @ DW ))) nanofluide burigihe> 3.
Muri ibyo bihe byombi (45 ° na 90 ° inguni ya helix), nanofluide (GNPs-SDBS @ DW) yerekanye hejuru (\ ({PEC} _ {Nanofluids} / {PEC} _ {Basefluid} \)) @DW agaciro) , urugero 0.025 wt.% - 1.17, 0.05 wt.% - 1.19, 0.1 wt.% - 1.26.Muri uru rubanza, indangagaciro za (\ ({PEC} _ {Nanofluide} / {PEC} _ {Basefluid} \)) ukoresheje (GNPs-COOH @ DW) nanofluide ni 1.02 kuri 0.025 wt.%, 1.05 kuri 0 , 05 wt.% na 1.02 ni 0.1% kuburemere.Mubyongeyeho, kuri Re = 11,000, 0.1 wt% -GNPs @ SDBS yerekanye indangagaciro zo hejuru (\ ({PEC} _ {Twisted} / {PEC} _ {Ikibaya} \)), nka 1.25 kuri 45 ° helix na 90 ° helix inguni 1.27.
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